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Main Provisions:

1. Governor-General of Bengal.
2. Supreme Court in Calcutta.
3. Executive Council.
4. Board of Control in England.
5. Trade Monopoly changes.
6. Financial Regulations.
7. Land Revenue rights.
8. Land reforms in Bengal.

Main Provisions:

1. Renewed Company's charter.
2. Extended Governor-General's powers.
3. Introduced Governor-General in Council.
4. Extended trade monopoly.
5. Tightened Indian affairs regulation.
6. Introduced judicial reforms.

Main Provisions:

1. Ended trade monopoly.
2. Introduced central legislative council.
3. Enhanced Governor-General's powers.
4. Introduced competitive examinations.
5. Guaranteed religious freedom.
6. Local bodies formation regulations.

Main Features:

• Charter Act of 1813 allocated funds for teaching Indian subjects.
• Introduction of modern education and establishment of educational institutions.
• Promoted by various stakeholders including the East India Company, Christian missionaries, and Indian thinkers.

Main Acts:

• Charter Act of 1813
• English Education Act of 1835
• Hunter Commission (1882)
• Raleigh Commission (1902)
• Indian Universities Act of 1904
• Saddler University Commission (1917-19)
• Wardha Scheme of Basic Education (1937)
• Sergeant Plan of Education (1944)

Main Events:

• 1857: Revolt of 1857 (The Sepoy Mutiny)
• 1885: Foundation of Indian National Congress
• 1905: Swadeshi Movement
• 1906: Muslim League Founded
• 1919: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• 1930: Civil Disobedience Movement
• 1942: Quit India Movement
• 1947: Indian Independence and Partition

Overview: The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, and others. It was initially formed as a platform to voice Indian grievances to the British government.

Objectives: The INC aimed to promote Indian interests, advocate for political reforms, and eventually achieve self-government or swaraj. Initially, it mainly represented the interests of the Indian elite and educated professionals.

Early Years: In its early years, the INC focused on constitutional methods of agitation, including petitions, resolutions, and moderate demands for reforms such as Indian representation in government and civil services.

Leadership: Prominent leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and later, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, played pivotal roles in shaping the INC's ideology and strategies.

Impact: The INC became the foremost political organization advocating for Indian self-rule. It provided a platform for political expression, fostered nationalist sentiments, and laid the foundation for India's independence movement.

Overview: The All-India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in 1906, representing the interests of Muslims in British India. It emerged in response to perceived marginalization of Muslims within the Indian National Congress.

Objectives:Objectives: The Muslim League initially sought to protect the political and economic interests of Muslims and ensure their representation in legislative bodies and government.

Significance: The founding of the Muslim League marked the beginning of organized political mobilization among Muslims in India. It provided a platform for Muslim leaders to articulate their grievances and aspirations.

Partition Demand: Over time, the Muslim League's demands evolved, culminating in the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which called for the creation of separate Muslim-majority states in India.

Impact: The Muslim League's demand for a separate nation for Muslims eventually led to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Overview: The Home Rule Movement was launched by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant in 1916, advocating for self-government or Home Rule for India within the British Empire.

Objectives: The movement aimed to mobilize public opinion in favor of self-rule and to demand constitutional reforms that would grant Indians greater autonomy in governing their own affairs.

Key Features: The movement was characterized by mass mobilization, public meetings, and the dissemination of propaganda through newspapers and pamphlets. Tilak and Besant traveled extensively across India, addressing large gatherings of supporters.

Impact: The Home Rule Movement succeeded in popularizing the idea of self-government among the Indian masses. It laid the groundwork for future agitations for political reforms and played a crucial role in the growth of nationalist sentiment.

Legacy: Although the movement was temporarily overshadowed by the Non-Cooperation Movement and other mass movements, it contributed to the gradual evolution of India's demand for self-rule and influenced subsequent political developments.

Overview: The Kheda Satyagraha was a nonviolent campaign led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1917 in the Kheda district of Gujarat against the oppressive taxation policies imposed by the British authorities during a severe famine.

Background: The British government had imposed a heavy tax burden on the peasants of Kheda, despite crop failures and famine conditions. Gandhi was approached by local leaders to lead a protest against the tax collection.

Strategy: Gandhi organized a campaign of nonviolent resistance, urging the peasants to withhold payment of taxes until their demands for relief measures were met. He mobilized public support and encouraged unity among the affected communities.

Negotiations: Despite facing repression and arrests, Gandhi continued to negotiate with the authorities on behalf of the peasants. His efforts eventually led to the suspension of tax collection and the implementation of relief measures for the famine-stricken population.

Legacy: The Kheda Satyagraha demonstrated the power of nonviolent protest in securing justice for the oppressed. It further enhanced Gandhi's reputation as a leader of the Indian masses and inspired similar movements across the country.

Overview: The Rowlatt Satyagraha was a nonviolent protest movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1919 against the Rowlatt Act, which empowered the British government to arrest and detain individuals without trial.

Background: The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British authorities in response to growing unrest in India, particularly after World War I. It was seen as a draconian measure to suppress dissent and curb nationalist activities.

Strategy: Gandhi called for a nationwide campaign of nonviolent resistance to protest against the Rowlatt Act. He advocated for passive resistance, boycotts, and civil disobedience as means of opposing unjust laws.

Key Events: The Rowlatt Satyagraha saw widespread protests, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience across India. It culminated in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar, where British troops fired on unarmed civilians, resulting in hundreds of deaths.

Consequences: The Rowlatt Satyagraha demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance in mobilizing mass support and exposing the injustices of colonial rule.

Overview: The Chauri Chaura incident was a violent clash between protesters and police in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, during the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922. It resulted in the death of policemen and protesters, leading Mahatma Gandhi to call off the movement.

Background: Tensions had been escalating in Chauri Chaura as part of the larger Non-Cooperation Movement. On February 5, 1922, a protest march turned violent, leading to clashes between demonstrators and the police.

Violence: During the confrontation, protesters attacked and set fire to a police station, resulting in the death of 22 policemen. In retaliation, the police opened fire on the crowd, leading to further casualties among the protesters.

Consequences: The Chauri Chaura incident shocked the Indian nationalist leadership and led Mahatma Gandhi to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhi believed that the use of violence went against the principles of nonviolent resistance and could derail the struggle for independence.

Impact: The incident had significant repercussions on the Indian independence movement. It highlighted the challenges of maintaining nonviolent discipline in mass protests and raised questions about the effectiveness of Gandhi's methods. However, it also led to introspection and reinforced the commitment to nonviolent means of resistance in the future.

Overview: The Civil Disobedience Movement was a mass protest launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 against British colonial rule in India. It aimed to challenge British laws and policies through nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience.

Background: The movement was triggered by the British government's imposition of the Salt Tax, which heavily burdened the Indian population, especially the poor. Gandhi saw the Salt Tax as a symbol of British exploitation and injustice.

Key Features: The Civil Disobedience Movement saw widespread participation from people across different regions and social groups. It involved acts of nonviolent resistance such as the defiance of salt laws, boycotts of British goods, and nonpayment of taxes.

Salt March: One of the iconic events of the movement was the Salt March, led by Gandhi himself. He undertook a 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, Gujarat, where he and his followers ceremonially broke the British salt laws by making salt from seawater.

Repression: The British authorities responded to the Civil Disobedience Movement with arrests, repression, and violence. Thousands of activists, including Gandhi, were imprisoned, and protests were met with police brutality.

Legacy: Although the Civil Disobedience Movement did not immediately lead to independence, it demonstrated the power of mass mobilization and nonviolent resistance in challenging colonial authority. It inspired similar movements around the world and paved the way for future struggles for independence in India.

Overview: The Third Round Table Conference was a series of discussions held in London in 1932 between British government officials and Indian political leaders to discuss constitutional reforms and the future of India.

Participants: The conference was attended by representatives from various Indian political parties, including the Indian National Congress, the All-India Muslim League, and the Princely States, as well as British officials and other stakeholders.

Agenda: The main agenda of the conference was to discuss proposals for constitutional reforms, including the establishment of representative government in India and the rights of minority communities.

Outcomes: Despite extensive deliberations, the conference failed to reach a consensus on key issues, including the question of minority representation and the status of untouchables (Dalits). The Indian National Congress boycotted the conference, criticizing its limited scope and lack of substantive progress.

Significance: The failure of the Third Round Table Conference highlighted the deep divisions and mistrust between Indian political leaders and the British government. It underscored the challenges of reconciling conflicting interests and aspirations within the diverse Indian society.

Overview: The provincial elections of 1937 were a landmark event in Indian political history, marking the first time that elections were held under the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935. The Indian National Congress emerged as the dominant party, winning a majority of seats in several provinces.

Significance: The provincial elections of 1937 were significant as they represented a significant step towards representative government in India. They demonstrated the widespread popular support for the Indian National Congress and provided an opportunity for Indian leaders to assume governmental responsibilities.

Congress Governments: Following the elections, the Indian National Congress formed governments in several provinces, including Madras, Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, Central Provinces, and Orissa. The Congress ministries implemented various social and economic reforms, including agrarian reforms, expansion of education, and promotion of indigenous industries.

Challenges: The Congress governments faced numerous challenges, including limited powers under the Government of India Act of 1935, financial constraints, and opposition from vested interests. However, they embarked on a program of social and economic upliftment, laying the foundation for future governance.

Impact: The Congress governments in the provinces provided a glimpse of Indian self-rule and demonstrated the ability of Indian leaders to govern effectively. They also increased popular confidence in the Congress and its leadership, further bolstering the nationalist movement.

Overview: The Lahore Resolution, also known as the Pakistan Resolution, was a landmark declaration adopted by the All-India Muslim League at its annual session in Lahore in 1940. It called for the creation of separate Muslim-majority states in India, eventually leading to the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.

Background: The demand for Pakistan emerged in response to perceived Muslim grievances within the Indian National Congress and fears of Hindu domination in a future independent India. The Lahore Resolution was a culmination of years of demands for Muslim representation and autonomy.

Key Points: The Lahore Resolution affirmed the Muslims of India's right to self-determination and called for the creation of independent states in regions where Muslims were in the majority. It rejected the concept of a unified Indian nation and advocated for the protection of Muslim interests.

Significance: The Lahore Resolution marked a significant development in the Indian independence movement and the politics of communalism. It intensified the demand for partition and led to heightened tensions between Hindu and Muslim communities.

Legacy: The Lahore Resolution laid the foundation for the eventual creation of Pakistan in 1947. It remains a contentious issue in South Asian history and continues to shape relations between India and Pakistan.