Human activities such as recreational hunting, traditional medicine exploitation, and habitat destruction are major drivers of biodiversity decline. Understanding these environmental impacts is essential for geography and environmental science students.

Human activities such as recreational hunting, traditional medicine exploitation, and habitat destruction are major drivers of biodiversity decline. Over the last decade, key species like African elephants and red sandalwood have faced critical threats. Understanding these environmental impacts and resource exploitation patterns is essential for students preparing for geography and environmental science exams to grasp ecosystem interdependence, conservation strategies, and sustainable resource management.

Human Activities and Resource Exploitation in Environmental Geography

• Human exploitation of natural resources has intensified biodiversity loss.

  Across the globe, practices such as unregulated hunting, overharvesting of medicinal plants, and forest degradation have placed tremendous pressure on vulnerable species. These activities not only threaten individual species but also destabilize entire ecosystems, amplifying ecological imbalance.

  • (i) Recreational hunting significantly contributes to species extinction and population decline.
  • (ii) Overharvesting of medicinal plants threatens native flora and disrupts traditional ecosystems.
  • (iii) Unregulated poaching and illegal trade exacerbate the vulnerability of keystone species.

• Recreational Hunting and Wildlife Decline

  Recreational hunting, including trophy hunting, creates unsustainable pressures on wildlife populations.

  • African Elephant Poaching

    African elephants have suffered a population reduction exceeding one-third in the past decade due to poaching for ivory trade. This unchecked hunting disrupts herd dynamics, social structures, and ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal.

    • (i) Elephant poaching is driven by international ivory demand.
    • (ii) Population decline leads to cascading ecological impacts in savannahs and forest biomes.
    • (iii) Anti-poaching strategies and global wildlife laws aim to curb illegal hunting.

  • Medicinal Plant Overharvesting

    In regions like Southern Cochabamba, Bolivia, over 132 plant species are used for traditional medicine. Ten of these species are currently at risk due to unsustainable harvesting practices. Such extraction not only endangers plants but also undermines the local ecological balance.

    • (a) Local communities depend on medicinal plants for healthcare.
    • (b) Overexploitation leads to habitat degradation and loss of plant biodiversity.
    • (c) Sustainable harvesting initiatives are critical for long-term conservation.

• Traditional Medicine and Species Exploitation

  Traditional knowledge systems use plants and animals extensively, inadvertently driving extinction and ecological imbalance.

  • Rhino Horn Exploitation

    Rhinos face near-extinction due to demand for their horns in Asian traditional medicine, believed to have healing properties. Poaching pressures have intensified, disrupting ecosystems and prompting urgent conservation measures.

    • (i) Rhino poaching severely impacts biodiversity in African and Asian habitats.
    • (ii) International treaties like CITES attempt to regulate illegal trade.
    • (iii) Awareness campaigns highlight ecological consequences of traditional medicine exploitation.

  • Red Sandalwood Exploitation

    Red sandalwood, native to the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, is used for blood purification and digestive remedies. Illegal trade of the core trunk has placed the species on the IUCN threatened list.

    • (a) Demand for medicinal and aromatic uses drives smuggling networks.
    • (b) Habitat destruction exacerbates species vulnerability.
    • (c) Community-based monitoring helps curb overexploitation.

  • Combined Threats to Species

    Both animals and plants face compounded threats from hunting, habitat loss, and medicinal exploitation.

    • Species A: African elephants – ivory trade-driven poaching.
    • Species B: Red sandalwood – overharvesting for traditional medicine.
    • Species C: Rhinos – cultural demand for horns endangers survival.

• Natural and Human Synergy in Biodiversity Decline

  Natural events like wildfires, floods, and volcanic eruptions affect biodiversity, but human interventions amplify their impacts.

  • Human Amplification of Natural Events

    Deforestation, urban expansion, and species introduction increase the frequency and severity of natural disasters, creating feedback loops that accelerate ecosystem degradation.

    • (i) Invasive species introduced by humans outcompete native flora and fauna.
    • (ii) Resource overuse reduces ecosystem resilience to natural disturbances.
    • (iii) Conservation policies aim to integrate human activity with ecological sustainability.

• Impact of Biodiversity Loss on Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing

  Declining biodiversity has severe repercussions on ecological functions, human health, and societal resilience.

  • Food Chain and Ecosystem Functioning Disruption

    Biodiversity ensures ecosystem balance. Even minor species loss can disrupt food chains, collapse mutualistic networks, and degrade ecosystem services.

    • (i) Keystone species extinction destabilizes habitats.
    • (ii) Predator-prey imbalances lead to population explosions or crashes.
    • (iii) Ecosystem dysfunction impacts nutrient cycling and productivity.

  • Loss of Essential Ecosystem Services

    Healthy ecosystems provide oxygen, soil fertility, water regulation, and pollination. Deforestation and wetland destruction compromise these critical services, resulting in long-term ecological and economic losses.

    • (a) Mangroves sequester more carbon than most rainforests, mitigating climate change.
    • (b) Soil microorganisms decompose organic matter, enhancing fertility for crops.
    • (c) Pollinators ensure global food security by supporting plant reproduction.

  • Impacts on Human Health

    Human wellbeing is intricately linked to biodiversity through nutrition, medicine, and clean ecosystems. Traditional medicine, reliant on local flora and fauna, is at risk from overexploitation.

    • (i) Medicinal plants like neem provide primary healthcare in rural communities.
    • (ii) Water purification and air quality depend on intact ecosystems.
    • (iii) Loss of biodiversity elevates disease vulnerability and food insecurity.

  • Agricultural Dependence on Biodiversity

    Soil microbes and crop diversity ensure nutrient-rich diets and food security. Reduced biodiversity threatens agricultural resilience, impacting global nutrition.

    • (i) Different crop varieties provide diverse nutritional benefits.
    • (ii) Loss of pollinators and soil organisms reduces productivity.
    • (iii) Sustainable agroecological practices support ecosystem health and human nutrition.

  • Cultural and Religious Values of Biodiversity

    Indigenous and local communities maintain spiritual connections with biodiversity. Loss of species erodes cultural rituals, religious practices, and traditional knowledge systems.

    • (i) Plants and flowers are integral to Hindu rituals and festivals.
    • (ii) Sacred groves and protected landscapes preserve both biodiversity and cultural heritage.
    • (iii) Cultural conservation initiatives can enhance ecological stewardship and biodiversity protection.

• Biodiversity Conservation Summary

  Effective management of natural resources is critical to preserve biodiversity. Human activities, from recreational hunting to traditional medicine exploitation, have escalated the risk of species extinction and ecosystem degradation. Integrating conservation laws, sustainable practices, and traditional ecological knowledge can mitigate biodiversity loss, ensuring ecosystem services, cultural preservation, and long-term human wellbeing for students and environmental practitioners to understand and apply.