Climate Change Agreements & Protocols: UNFCCC, Kyoto, Paris

Factors Affecting, Impact & Its Mitigation

Understanding the various factors contributing to climate change, their socio-economic and ecological impacts, and strategies for mitigation.

Climate Change Management

Examining global and national strategies to manage climate change through policy, adaptation, and sustainable development initiatives.

Conventions

Reviewing key international environmental conventions and their roles in guiding environmental protection and sustainable practices.

International Organisations

Analyzing the role of international organizations in promoting global environmental governance and tackling transnational ecological issues.

Kyoto Protocol (2nd Commitment)

Explores the second phase of the Kyoto Protocol, focusing on legally binding emission reduction targets for developed countries.

Paris Agreement

Details the landmark global accord to combat climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

The US moved out of Paris Agreement

Highlights the implications and political context surrounding the US withdrawal and its impact on global climate commitments.

Marrakech Climate Change Conference

Covers discussions and decisions from COP22, including implementation of the Paris Agreement and action frameworks for climate finance.

Conference of Parties (COP-24) at Katowice

Focuses on outcomes from COP24 in Poland, including the Katowice Rulebook for implementing the Paris climate goals.

Kigali Agreement

Describes the global pact to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.

COP29 Agreement: $300 Billion Annual Climate Finance by 2035

Analyzes the ambitious financing target agreed upon at COP29, designed to support developing nations in climate action by 2035.

Baku to Belém Roadmap

Outlines the transition and action steps planned between COP29 in Baku and COP30 in Belém for sustained global climate action.

COP30 Scheduled in Belém, Brazil (November 2025)

Previews the upcoming COP30 climate summit to be held in the Amazonian city of Belém, focusing on global commitments post-2030.

IPCC Report 2018

Highlights urgent global climate risks and calls for limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels to avoid severe impacts.

International Solar Alliance

An India-led initiative promoting solar energy deployment across tropical countries for sustainable and affordable energy access.

Concept of Green Bond

Explains financial instruments designed to fund environmentally friendly projects such as renewable energy, clean transport, and water management.

Green Climate Fund

A UN financial mechanism supporting climate mitigation and adaptation projects in developing countries, especially vulnerable communities.

IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2023)

Summarizes the latest scientific evidence on climate change, impacts, adaptation, and mitigation from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

IPCC Seventh Assessment Cycle Initiated (2023)

Marks the beginning of a new comprehensive scientific review on climate change, building upon insights from previous assessment cycles.

UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2024

Analyzes the gap between current emission trends and necessary reductions to meet the Paris climate goals, urging stronger commitments.

Carbon Tax Feasibility in India

Explores the potential for implementing a carbon tax in India to reduce emissions and support green economic reforms.

Concept of Green Building

Highlights sustainable architecture practices that reduce environmental impact through energy efficiency, resource conservation, and eco-friendly materials.

Concept of Carbon Credit

Details the market mechanism that allows countries or companies to earn credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainability.

Climate Change and Cities

Examines the impact of climate change on urban infrastructure, air quality, energy use, and vulnerability to natural disasters.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Health

Analyzes how changing climate patterns affect human health through increased disease, heat stress, and water-borne illnesses.

Climate Change Agreements Scheme Applications Open (May 2025)

Announces the latest phase of international climate agreement schemes, offering industries incentives to reduce emissions.

Climate Change and Agriculture

Explores how climate variability affects crop yield, soil health, water supply, and food security across regions.

Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

Discusses the rising sea levels caused by melting glaciers and thermal expansion, threatening coastal ecosystems and settlements.

Ocean Warming

Explains how increasing ocean temperatures disrupt marine ecosystems, coral reefs, and global weather patterns.

Melting of Gangotri Glacier

Details the retreat of the Gangotri glacier due to climate change and its implications for freshwater resources and the Ganga river system.

Programs and Policies Initiated for Mitigating Climate Change

Summarizes India's and global initiatives aimed at reducing greenhouse gases, increasing resilience, and transitioning to a green economy.

International Collaboration for Mitigating Climate Change

Explores how global partnerships, agreements, and joint initiatives help address climate change and drive sustainable progress.

The Ethical Issue Involved in Climate Change

Analyzes ethical concerns such as climate justice, intergenerational equity, and responsibilities of developed nations.

Third Pole and Climate Change

Focuses on the Himalayas (the ‘Third Pole’) and their vulnerability to global warming, glacier loss, and downstream effects.

UNCCD 2018-2030 Strategic Framework

Outlines global strategies for combating desertification, land degradation, and building climate resilience through sustainable land use.

Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) 2018

Provides insight into how countries perform in creating enabling environments for sustainable energy access and efficiency.

China's Commitment to Climate Action Despite Global Political Changes

Examines how China is maintaining climate commitments amid shifting international political landscapes.

Accounting Methods of Climate Fund Questioned

Investigates concerns about transparency and accuracy in the reporting and use of global climate finance mechanisms.

Tackling Climate Change from a Security Perspective

Explores the intersection of climate change and national security, focusing on resource conflicts, migration, and disaster response.

Effects of Global Warming on El Niño in the 21st Century

Studies how rising global temperatures are altering El Niño patterns and influencing global weather and agriculture.

India to Expand Polar Research to the Arctic

Highlights India's growing focus on Arctic research to study climate impacts, ocean circulation, and geopolitical shifts.

Bengal Tigers May Not Survive Climate Change

Addresses threats to tiger habitats due to sea level rise, habitat loss, and ecosystem shifts in the Sundarbans region.

Finland Backs EU Goal to Slash Emissions 90% by 2040

Details Finland’s endorsement of EU climate ambitions to drastically cut emissions and lead global climate responsibility.

Scientists Mull Stratospheric Barrier to Curb Global Warming

Explores emerging geoengineering ideas like deploying reflective particles in the stratosphere to limit global temperature rise.

Earth Action Expo Promotes Climate Education (April 2025)

Highlights a major climate awareness event focused on youth engagement, sustainability, and global environmental education.

Climate Crossroads Summit, July 29-30, 2025

Features policy leaders, scientists, and activists converging to chart collaborative climate solutions and innovations.

Global Climate Action & Sustainability Summit, September 18-19, 2025

Showcases worldwide efforts, pledges, and partnerships to drive forward sustainable development and emission reduction goals.

5th Global Congress on Climate Change (GCCC-2025), September 29-30, 2025

Brings together global climate scientists, innovators, and policymakers to discuss strategies and technologies for climate resilience.

COP30, November 2025, Belém, Brazil

The 30th UN Climate Conference will focus on tropical forest preservation, indigenous rights, and global climate negotiations.