Overview:Gandhara art represents a fusion of Greek, Roman, Persian, and Indian artistic influences, flourishing from the 1st century B.C. to the 5th century A.D. in the region corresponding to modern-day northwest Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. This art form played a crucial role in the development of Buddhist iconography and sculpture.
Gandhara School
During the rule of Indo-Greek monarchs in Northwest India, the Gandhara School of art flourished near Peshawar (now Pakistan), although the Sakas and Kushanas, particularly Kanishka, were the true supporters of the Gandhara school of art.
Following the Greek invasions, many painters from West Asia settled in the northwest of India, and they were heavily affected by Graeco-Roman art throughout the Kushana period.
The Kushana kings, particularly Kanishka, encouraged Gandhara artisans to carve themes from Buddha's life and the Jatakas, resulting in a huge number of Buddha and Bodhisattva representations.
The Gandhara School of Art is also known as the Graeco-Buddhist School of Art because it applied Greek art techniques to Buddhist subjects (beautiful pictures of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas).
Gandhara style acquired almost all foreign influences, including Greek, Roman, Persian, Saka, and Kushan.
The reliefs of the Gandhara Sculpture show Buddha's birth, renunciation, and preaching, with the best examples dating from the first and second centuries A.D.
The drapery was thick, with broad and bold fold lines, and the human form was cast in a realistic manner, with physical details like a moustache, muscles, and curly hair given minute attention.
The main sites where artworks of the Gandhara School have been found are Jalalabad, Begram, Hadda, Bamaran, and Taxila, with the Bamiyan Buddha of Afghanistan considered an example of the Gandhara School.
Origins:Emerged under the Indo-Greek and later Kushan rule, reflecting the cross-cultural exchanges facilitated by the Silk Road.
Patronage:The Kushan emperors, especially Kanishka, were significant patrons, promoting the creation of Buddhist monasteries and stupas.
Materials:Primarily used schist stone, stucco, and terracotta.
Techniques:Employed Greco-Roman sculpting techniques, such as realistic human anatomy, drapery folds, and perspective.
Iconography:Introduced anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, departing from earlier aniconic symbols like the Bodhi tree, footprints, and the wheel.
Buddha Images:Physical Depictions: Depicted with a youthful, idealized human form, serene expression, and curly hair, often resembling Apollo.Mudras: Showcased various hand gestures (mudras) symbolizing different aspects of Buddhist teaching.
Bodhisattvas:Lavishly adorned with jewelry and princely attire, symbolizing their compassionate role.
Narrative Panels:Illustrated scenes from the Jataka tales (stories of Buddha's past lives) and key events from his life.
Standing Buddha:Tall, elegant statues with draped garments that reveal Greco-Roman influence in the folds and posture.
Fasting Buddha:A unique representation showing the emaciated Buddha during his period of extreme asceticism.
Gandhara Stupas:Elaborately decorated with relief sculptures narrating the life of Buddha and adorned with Hellenistic architectural elements.
Spread of Buddhist Art:Influenced Buddhist art across Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan.
Cultural Synthesis:Represents one of the earliest and most significant examples of cultural synthesis in art history, combining Hellenistic realism with Indian spiritual themes.
Comparision of Schools of Art
Schools of Art in Ancient India
Mathura, Gandhara, and Amaravati Schools
Buddhism flourished significantly throughout the early Christian era (1st and 2nd centuries) and sparked a revitalized artistic fervor to represent Buddha's message, resulting in the formation of three primary schools of sculpture in India, each with its styles and characteristics. The Gandhara, Mathura, and Amaravati schools of art were named for the cities where they flourished.
Table of Contents
Mathura School of Art
Gandhara School of Art
Amaravati School of Art
Differences between Mathura-Gandhara-Amaravati School of Art
Sarnath School of Art
Mathura School
Initially, a complicated kind of symbolism was prevalent in the Gandhara style, but Mathura style broke from it by developing the custom of translating Buddhist symbols into human form in accordance with Kanishka's rule.
An indigenous form of sculpture evolved in Mathura, which mostly used red sandstone.
The representations of Vaishnava and Shaiva faiths, as well as Buddhist images, are prevalent in the Mathura style, which is known for its assimilative quality.
The pictures of Shiva and Vishnu, as well as their consorts Parvati and Lakshmi, were carved out in the Mathura school, and the female forms of yakshinis and apsaras were also carved out magnificently.
It's worth noting that the images of Shiva and Vishnu were created by their respective ayudhas (weapons).
The Jain Tirthankaras' records can also be found in Mathura Style.
Sarnath and Kausambi arose as key centers of art creation in the Mathura School of art, which is known for its vibrancy and assimilationist nature, although Mathura remained the principal art production location.
The Mathura Buddha images continue to depict folds in the drapery and the halo around the head is lavishly adorned.
More emphasis was placed on internal beauty and face sentiments in Mathura style than on bodily gestures.
The big pictures were carved with audacity since the earliest Mathura image-makers never intended to construct an anatomically realistic human Buddha.
Amaravati School
The Amaravati School evolved on the banks of the Krishna River in southern India, under the patronage of the Satavahana monarchs.
The Amaravati School of Art thrived in the Andhra Pradesh region between the lower basins of the rivers Krishna and Godavari.
The 'narrative art' is a prominent feature of the Amaravati school.
The medallions were carved in such a way that they depict a natural incidence.
One medallion, for example, depicts the entire account of the Buddha's taming of an elephant.
The Amaravati stupas are made of striking white marble.
In human, animal, and floral forms, Amaravati sculptures have a sense of movement and vitality, as well as profound and serene naturalism.
Amaravati, Nagarjunikonda, Goli, Ghantasala, and Vengi are notable locales where this style evolved.
There is a symbolic picture of Buddha's life, but he is also personified in two or three places.
The Amaravati Stupa, like the Sanchi Stupa, contains pradakshina patha encased within a vedika on which various narrative stories from the life of Buddha and Bodhisattva prevail, but its structural anatomy is more intricate.
This style included both religious and secular images.
This style was later influenced by Pallava and Chola architecture.
Major Differences between Mathura-Gandhara-Amaravati School of Art
Mathura:
The Mathura School flourished on the banks of the river Yamuna in the period between 1st and 3rd centuries B.C.
Patronised by Kushana rulers.
Developed in and around Mathura, Sonakh, and Kankalitala.
It was created by indigenous peoples without the influence of outside cultures.
Spotted red sandstone was utilized in the construction of this school.
Mathura Buddha images continue to depict folds in the drapery and the halo around the head is lavishly adorned.
Gandhara:
Flourished between 50 B.C. and 500 A.D. in two periods.
Patronised by Kushana rulers.
Developed in the North West Frontier, in the modern-day Kandahar region.
It is also known as Indo-Greek art because of the heavy influence of Greek or Hellenistic sculpture.
Early Gandhara School buildings used bluish-grey sandstone, whereas later used mud and stucco.
The reliefs of the Gandhara Sculpture show Buddha's birth, renunciation, and preaching, with the best examples dating from the first and second centuries A.D.
Amaravati:
Patronised by Satavahana rulers.
Developed in the lower Krishna-Godavari valley, in and around Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda.
It was created by indigenous peoples and was not affected by outside cultures.
White marbles were used to create the sculptures at Amaravati School.
The sculptures often depict Buddha's life stories and the Jataka tales, i.e., former lives of Buddha in both human and animal form.
Sarnath School of Art
The Sarnath School of Sculpture arose around Sarnath.
It was distinguished by its use of cream-colored sandstone and metal. This school's sculptures depict Buddha's teachings on the Dhamma-Chakra, the Four Noble Truths, and the Eightfold Path.
Early Buddhist art in Sarnath resembles that of the Mathura School.
Conclusion
The schools of art—Mathura, Gandhara, Amaravati, and Sarnath—illustrate a broad, diverse representation of early Buddhist beliefs and artistic traditions in India. They share certain characteristics, such as the focus on religious themes, but each school has unique features that reflect the regional and cultural influences of the time.
FAQs
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MCQs
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