India-Bhutan and India-Pakistan Boundaries: Key Issues and Disputed Areas

The Indo-Pakistan boundary is the result of the partition of the country in 1947 under the Radcliffe award, chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
Jammu and Kashmir, Sir Creek are the major disputed regions.

Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, and Gilgit Baltistan:
- Pakistan is in the illegal and forcible occupation of approximately 78,000 sq. km of Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir.
- Under the so-called Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180 sq. km in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir to China.

Siachen Glacier:
- The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakorams in the Himalayas just east of the Actual Ground Position Line between India and Pakistan.
- The entire Siachen Glacier, with all major passes, is currently under the administration of India since 1984 (Operation Meghdoot).
Saltoro Ridge:
- The Saltoro Mountains are a subrange of the Karakoram Heights or Saltoro Ridge.
- They are located in the heart of the Karakoram, on the southwest side of the Siachen Glacier.
- They are claimed as part of Jammu and Kashmir Union Territory by India and as part of Gilgit-Baltistan by Pakistan.
- In 1984, India assumed military control of the main peaks and passes of the range, with Pakistani forces occupying the glacial valleys just to the west.

Sir Creek:
- Sir Creek is a 96 km long strip of water disputed between India and Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch marshlands.
- Pakistan claims the line to follow the eastern shore of the estuary while India claims a centerline (differing interpretations of paragraphs 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj of Kutch).
- The International Boundary in the Sir Creek area and the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) between India and Pakistan have not been demarcated.