Longitudinal Division of the Himalayas: Kashmir, Kumaun, Central, Assam, Purvanchal, Trans-Himalayas

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Location and Extent:
- Geography: Situated between the Indus Gorge and the Satluj Gorge.
- Dimensions: Approximately 560 km in length and 320 km in width.
Key Features:
- Boundaries: The Zaskar Range forms the northern boundary, while the Shiwaliks mark the southern edge.
- Topography: Characterized by ridge and valley topography with the Kashmir Valley as a notable syncline basin.
- Notable Lakes: Includes Wular Lake and Dal Lake.
- Karewas: Lacustrine deposits known as Karewas support saffron cultivation.
- Climate: Receives around 100 cm of rainfall and snowfall during winters.
- Flora: Alpine grasslands called Bugyals or Marg, found in Sonmarg and Gulmarg.
- Significance: Known as the "Heaven on Earth" for its stunning landscapes.
Major Passes and Connections:
- Banihal Pass: Features the Jawahar Tunnel, the second largest in India.
- Other Passes: Burzil Pass and Zozila Pass connect the Kashmir Valley to Ladakh.

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Location and Extent:
- Geography: Lies between the Satluj and Kali Gorges.
- Dimensions: Extends approximately 320 km.
Key Features:
- Major Ranges: Includes Nagtiba, Dhaula Dhar, Mussourie, and parts of the Greater Himalayas.
- Notable Peaks: Home to Nanda Devi, Kamet, Badrinath, and Kedarnath.
- Glaciers and Rivers: Gives rise to rivers like Gangotri, Yamunotri, and Pindari.
- Climate: Receives around 200 cm of rainfall; covered with coniferous forests and Deodar forests.
- Topographical Features: Includes basins like the Bhagirathi Plain and tectonic valleys such as Kulu, Manali, and Kangra.
- Ecological Significance: Renowned hill stations with pleasant climates.
Seismic Activity: Prone to seismicity and landslides due to fractured and fragile rocks.

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Location and Extent:
- Geography: Situated between the Kali River in the west and the Tista River in the east.
- Dimensions: Spans approximately 800 km.
Key Features:
- Notable Peaks: Includes Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha), Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Annapurna, Gosainthan, and Dhaulagiri.
- Topography: Features an orthoclinal plan and includes Kathmandu Valley.
- Rivers and Valleys: Crossed by rivers like Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi; includes former lakes like Kathmandu and Pokhara valleys.
- Shiwalik Range: Approaches the Lesser Himalaya towards the east and is nearly absent beyond Narayani (Gandak).

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Location and Extent:
- Geography: Positioned between the Tista River in the west and the Brahmaputra River (Dihang Gorges) in the east.
- Dimensions: About 750 km long.
Key Features:
- Geographical Spread: Primarily covers Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan.
- Topography: Greater Himalayas blend with the Lesser Himalayas and Shiwaliks.
- Climate and Erosion: Characterized by narrow longitudinal valleys with heavy rainfall; dominated by fluvial erosion.
- Seismicity: Prone to earthquakes due to fractured rocks.
Ecological and Cultural Aspects:
- Inhabitation: Home to various tribes with mountains often named after them.
- Dissected Terrain: Heavily dissected by numerous rivers.

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Geological Context:
- Distinct Structure: Features structural differences and lies south of the Brahmaputra Valley.
Key Features:
- Major Ranges: Includes Naga Hills, Manipur Hills, and Mizo Hills.
- Geological Composition: Composed of loose, fragmented sedimentary rocks like shale, mudstone, sandstone, and quartzite.
- Seismic Activity: Prone to earthquakes and landslides due to fractured rocks.
Climate and Ecology:
- Rainfall: Receives 150-200 cm of rainfall; densely forested but faces ecological challenges due to shifting cultivation.

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Location and Geology:
- Geographical Spread: Located north of the Great Himalayas, comprising Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar, and Kailash ranges.
- Formation: Emerged between the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods from the Pamir Knot.
Key Features:
- Major Peaks: Includes K2 (Godwin-Austen), Siachen Glacier, Rakaposhi, and Nanga Parbat.
- Significant Passes: Karakoram Pass connects Aksai Chin.
- Ladakh Range: Includes Rakaposhi; Kailash Range as the source of the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers.
- Zaskar Range: Includes Nanga Parbat, separated by Ladakh and Zaskar Basin.
- Ladakh Plateau: Cold desert region with the Deosai Mountains marking the end of the Trans-Himalayan region.
Climate: Generally receives winter rainfall; mostly barren and cold desert.

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Longitudinal Division of the Himalayas: Kashmir, Kumaun, Central, Assam, Purvanchal, and Trans-Himalayas Overview