Tri-partite Struggle of Kannauj between Palas, Pratiharas & Rastrakutas

The Gurjara-Pratiharas were prominent rulers who came to prominence in the second quarter of the 8th century. They resisted Arab invasions and established a powerful empire.

The Pratiharas, also known as Gurjara-Pratiharas, ruled over Kannauj for a long time and founded several principalities in eastern and central Rajasthan.

They engaged in constant conflicts with contemporary powers such as the Palas and Rashtrakutas, fighting for control over regions like Malwa, Gujarat, and Kanauj.

Notable figures associated with the Gurjara-Pratiharas include Bhoja, Nagabhata II, and Mahendrapala, who significantly contributed to the expansion and consolidation of the empire.

The Pratihara dynasty saw several prominent rulers who contributed to its expansion and consolidation:

• Nagabhata I, who successfully resisted Arab invasions and established an empire extending from Gujarat to Gwalior.


• Vatsaraja, who expanded control over northern India and engaged in conflicts with the Pala and Rashtrakuta rulers.


• Nagabhata II, who revived the empire's prestige through conquests and reconstructions, such as rebuilding the Somnath temple.


• Bhoja I, also known as Mihir Bhoja, who reorganized and consolidated the empire, ushering in an era of prosperity.


• Mahendrapala and Mahipala, who further expanded the empire's territories and influence.

The administration of the Pratiharas was organized and efficient, with kings holding the highest authority. Various officers and officials were appointed to manage different aspects of governance, including fort administration, representation in samanta states, policing, military affairs, and granting orders and charities.

The state was divided into bhuktis and mandals for administrative convenience, with local administration managed by Samantas and village elders.

Councils were responsible for city administration, ensuring the smooth functioning of urban areas.

Social conditions under Pratihara rule reflected the prevalent caste system of India. The society was divided into various castes and classes, with notable groups such as Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Sudras. Interactions between these classes and inter-caste marriages were observed, indicating a gradual breaking down of caste barriers.

While polygamy was practiced among kings and the wealthy, sati pratha (widow burning) was present but not widespread. Women in royal families enjoyed relative freedom, engaging in activities such as music, dance, and painting.

Ornamentation, cosmetics, and fine clothing were common among the affluent, reflecting the prosperity of the period.

The Gurjara-Pratihara rulers were great patrons of arts, architecture, and literature. They left behind a rich legacy of sculptures, temples, and architectural marvels.

Notable examples include the Viswaroopa form of Vishnu, the Marriage of Siva and Parvati, and the Sursundari sculpture.

Architectural works attributed to the Pratiharas include temples at Osian, Chittor, and Roda, showcasing intricate carvings, Latina shikharas, and Phamsana roofs.

The Teli-ka-Mandir in Gwalior is one of the oldest surviving large-scale Pratihara works, featuring a unique blend of architectural styles.