Climatic Changes: Reduction in monsoon rains, drying up of rivers like Ghaggar-Hakra, affecting agricultural productivity and leading to food shortages.
Tectonic Activity: Possible earthquakes disrupting river courses, impacting urban settlements and contributing to the decline.
Environmental Theories: Discussion on climate change, river drying up (Saraswati hypothesis), and their impact on agricultural practices and settlement patterns.
Economic Theories: Exploration of trade decline, resource depletion, and their effects on the urban economy.
Invasion Theories: Examination of hypotheses regarding external invasions or internal conflicts contributing to the decline of urban centers.
Impact on Subsequent Cultures (Class 12, Chapter 1)
Cultural Continuity: Examination of elements of Harappan culture that persisted in later civilizations, such as urban planning, craft techniques, and religious beliefs.
Regional Diversity: Exploration of regional variations in post-Harappan cultures and their relationship with the preceding urban phase.
Excavations: Overview of key archaeological sites dating to the Late Harappan phase and subsequent cultures.
Artifacts: Examination of pottery, tools, seals, and other artifacts providing insights into cultural changes and continuities.
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