Explore the crucial events leading to the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, including internal civil wars, the rise of the Saluva Dynasty, the reign of Krishna Deva Raya, and the significant conflicts with the Portuguese, culminating in the Battle of Talikota in 1565.
Climax of the Vijayanagara Empire and Its Ultimate Disintegration in South Indian History
Historical Overview of the Major Dynasties of the Vijayanagara Empire
Overview of the main dynasties and their significance.
Founded by Harihara and Bukka, the empire reigned from 1336 A.D. to 1646 A.D.
The Vijayanagara Empire was based in the Deccan, in peninsular and southern India, from 1336 onwards. It was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and his brother Bukka Raya. The capital city, Vijayanagara, now in ruins, is located in modern Karnataka, India. The empire lasted from about 1336 to around 1660, though it faced a slow decline due to a catastrophic defeat by an alliance of sultanates, leading to the capital being taken, looted, and destroyed.
For the next two centuries, the Vijayanagara Empire dominated southern India, likely being stronger than any other power in the subcontinent. It served as a bulwark against invasions from the Turkic Sultanates of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and remained in constant conflict with the five Deccan Sultanates.
The empire is considered to have reached its peak during the rule of Krishna Deva Raya, who conquered territories previously belonging to Orissa. Many significant monuments, such as the Hazara Rama temple and the Ugra Narasimha idol, date from his reign. He was succeeded by Achyuta Raya in 1530, followed by Sada Siva Raya in 1542.
However, the real power shifted to Rama Raya of the third dynasty, who provoked the Deccan Sultanates into an alliance against him. The Battle of Talikota in 1565 marked a decisive defeat for Vijayanagara, leading to its downfall.
Sangama Dynasty (1336-1485): Established the empire, consolidated power in southern Deccan, and developed Hampi as the capital.
Saluva Dynasty (1485-1505): Restored order after internal strife and implemented reforms.
Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1570): Marked the golden age under Krishna Deva Raya, known for military successes and cultural flourishing.
Aravidu Dynasty: Faced challenges after the Battle of Talikota, struggling to maintain unity amidst rivalries.
Sangama Dynasty (1336-1485) and the Early Expansion of the Vijayanagara Kingdom
Founders of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Harihara and Bukka founded Vijayanagar City in 1336 A.D. on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra, establishing Hampi as the capital.
They served under Vira Ballala III, the Hoysala King.
Harihara I became the ruler of the Sangama Dynasty in 1336 A.D., capturing Mysore and Madurai.
Bukka-I succeeded him in 1356 A.D.
Rise of the Saluva Dynasty and Power Struggles in the Vijayanagara Court
Usurpation of throne by Saluva Narasimha.
Saluva Narasimha seized power after the decline of the previous dynasty.
Established stability and restored law and order.
Consolidated Vijayanagara's position against internal and external threats.
Golden Age of Vijayanagara Empire Under Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529)
The most famous king of the Vijayanagara Empire.
According to Portuguese traveler Domingo Paes, "Krishnadeva Raya was the most feared and perfect king there could possibly be."
Conquered Sivasamudram in 1510 A.D. and Raichur in 1512 A.D.; captured Orissa and Warangal by 1523 A.D.
His empire extended from the Krishna River in the north to the Cauvery River in the south.
As an able administrator, he built irrigation tanks and canals, developed naval power, and maintained trade relations with Portuguese and Arab traders.
Patronized art and architecture, reaching the zenith of the empire's glory.
Notable scholars in his court included Allasani Peddanna, Nandi Thimmana, and Tenali Ramakrishna.
Battle of Talikota (1565 A.D.) and the Destruction of Vijayanagara
Decisive battle leading to Vijayanagara's downfall.
The successors of Krishnadeva Raya were weak, and the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golconda, and Bidar declared war on Vijayanagara during Aliya Rama Raya's rule.
Aliya Rama Raya was defeated, leading to the pillaging and ruin of Vijayanagara.
Legacy and Cultural Contributions of the Vijayanagara Empire in South Indian History
Impact of the empire's disintegration on South India.
Fragmentation of territories among successor states and lasting regional influence.
Enduring cultural and architectural legacies in the region.
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