The Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy: the Carnatic Wars, Causes for the English Success and the French Failure.
Immediate Cause of Rebellion. Offensive and Support. Retreat and Further Conflict. Resolution and Aftermath. Role of Nur JahanEarly Life and Marriage.
Family Influence and Political Rise. Role in Governance and Administration. Cultural Contributions and Legacy. Relationship with Jahangir and Shah Jahan Political
and Administrative Developments. Jahangir's Reign and Challenges. Nur Jahan's Influence and Succession Issues.
In the early nineteenth century, increased Russian influence in Persia replaced British influence, disrupting British plans to establish a new route to India via the River Euphrates.
After the Treaty of Turkomanchai (1828), Britain became alarmed about possible Russian intentions regarding India, leading to a search for a scientific frontier from the Indian side.
The British felt the need to have Afghanistan under the control of a ruler friendly to them.
Lord Auckland, Governor-General from 1836, advocated a forward policy. This policy aimed to protect British India's boundary from potential Russian attacks through treaties or annexations.
The Amir of Afghanistan, Dost Mohammed, sought British assistance to recover Peshawar from the Sikhs, a condition the British rejected. Dost Mohammed then turned to Russia and Persia for help.
This prompted the British to implement the forward policy and sign the Tripartite Treaty (1838) with the Sikhs and Shah Shuja, deposed Afghan ruler.
Following the 1838 treaty, the political situation changed drastically with Persia lifting its siege of Herat and Russia recalling its envoy from Kabul.
Despite these changes, the British pursued their forward policy, leading to the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42) to establish a permanent barrier against northern aggression.
An English army entered Kabul in August 1839 after a successful attack, and Dost Mohammed surrendered. Shah Shuja was made Amir of Afghanistan, but he was not accepted by the Afghans.
Upon British withdrawal, the Afghans rebelled, killing the garrison commander in Kabul. The British signed a treaty (1841) with Afghan chiefs to evacuate Afghanistan and restore Dost Mohammed.
In a new expedition, the British re-occupied Kabul in September 1842. Eventually, a settlement was reached recognizing Dost Mohammed as the independent ruler of Afghanistan, and the British evacuated Kabul.
The First Afghan War cost India one-and-a-half crore rupees and nearly 20,000 men.
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