The Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy: the Carnatic Wars, Causes for the English Success and the French Failure.
Immediate Cause of Rebellion. Offensive and Support. Retreat and Further Conflict. Resolution and Aftermath. Role of Nur JahanEarly Life and Marriage.
Family Influence and Political Rise. Role in Governance and Administration. Cultural Contributions and Legacy. Relationship with Jahangir and Shah JahanPolitical
and Administrative Developments. Jahangir's Reign and Challenges. Nur Jahan's Influence and Succession Issues.
Bengal, the richest province of the Mughal Empire included present-day Bangladesh, and its Nawab had authority over the region constituting present-day states of Bihar and Odisha.
Exports from Bengal to Europe consisted of raw products such as saltpetre, rice, indigo, pepper, sugar, silk, cotton textiles, handicrafts, etc.
The English East India Company had vital commercial interests in trading in Bengal, as nearly 60 per cent of the British imports from Asia consisted of goods from Bengal.
During the 1630s, regular contact of the British with Bengal continued when they established factories in Balasore, Hooghly, Kasimbazar, Patna, and Dacca.
By the 1690s, the foundation of Calcutta by the English company completed the process of English commercial settlement in Bengal.
The Company paid a sum of Rs 3,000 (£ 350) per annum to the Mughal emperor who allowed them to trade freely in Bengal.
In contrast, the Company’s exports from Bengal were worth more than £ 50,000 per annum.
In 1700, Murshid Quli Khan became the Dewan of Bengal and ruled till his death in 1727.
He was succeeded by his son-in-law, Shujauddin who ruled till 1739.
After that, for a year (1739-40), Sarfaraz Khan, an incapable son of Murshid Quli Khan, became the ruler; he was killed by Alivardi Khan.
Alivardi Khan ruled till 1756 and also stopped paying tributes to the Mughal emperor.
Under the rule of these rulers, Bengal made unprecedented progress.
There were other factors too, which made Bengal prosperous, for instance, the rest of India was disturbed by inter-border disputes, the Maratha invasions, Jat revolts, and external invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmed Shah Abdali.
The region of Bengal was fortunate enough to escape these challenges.
The population of Calcutta rose from 15,000 (in 1706) to 100,000 (in 1750) and other cities like Dacca and Murshidabad became highly populous.
Almost all the governors of Bengal strongly resented the special privileges enjoyed by the English company as it meant a huge loss to the provincial exchequer.
So the friction between the English commercial interests and the Bengal government became the chief cause for conflict between the two.
During a short period between 1757 and 1765, the power gradually got transferred from the Nawabs of Bengal to the British with the latter defeating the former.
In 1741, Alivardi Khan, the Deputy Governor of Bihar, killed the Nawab of Bengal Sarfaraz Khan in a battle and certified his own position as the new Subahdar of Bengal by paying a large sum of money to the Mughal Emperor, Muhammad Shah.
Alivardi Khan ruled for 15 years, during which he fought off the Marathas.
The English, too, took advantage of the Maratha incursions in Bengal, by obtaining permission from the nawab to dig a ditch and throw up an entrenchment around their settlement of Fort William.
Later, Alivardi Khan’s apprehensions were drawn to the Carnatic region, where the European companies had usurped all power; on realizing this, he was urged to expel the Europeans from Bengal.
But he died in April 1756 and was succeeded by his grandson, Siraj-ud-daula, the son of Alivardi’s youngest daughter.
A youth just in his twentieth year, Siraj inherited many troubles from his grandfather.
He had a rival in his cousin, the Nawab of Purnea, Shaukat Jang; a hostile aunt, Ghasiti Begum, a childless widow; a rebellious commander of the army, Mir Jafar, husband of Alivardi Khan’s sister; and an alarmed (Hindu) subject population.
There was a dominant group in his court comprising Jagat Seth, Omichand, Rai Ballabh, Rai Durlabh, and others who were opposed to him.
To these internal rivals were added the threat to Siraj’s position from the ever-growing commercial activity of the English company.
Impulsive by nature and lacking experience, Siraj felt insecure, and this prompted him to act in ways which proved counter-productive.
He defeated Shaukat Jang and killed him in a battle, divested Ghasiti Begum of her treasures and secured her, and dismissed Mir Jafar, appointing Mir Madan in his place.
A Kashmiri officer Mohan Lal was appointed as the overall administrator, and he acted almost like a prime minister.
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