Immediate Cause of Rebellion. Offensive and Support. Retreat and Further Conflict. Resolution and Aftermath. Role of Nur JahanEarly Life and Marriage. Family Influence and Political Rise. Role in Governance and Administration. Cultural Contributions and Legacy. Relationship with Jahangir and Shah JahanPolitical and Administrative Developments. Jahangir's Reign and Challenges. Nur Jahan's Influence and Succession Issues.
Formed in 1600 through the amalgamation of several rival trading companies.
Governed by a board of directors elected annually by shareholders. The influence of shareholders played a significant role in the company’s operations.
Adapted well to local business practices and customs, facilitating its expansion and consolidation of power.
French and Portuguese Companies:
State-owned companies with operations influenced by the interests of the state rather than commercial efficiency.
The French company had over 60% of its shares held by the monarch, leading to bureaucratic inefficiencies and a lack of active shareholder involvement.
Revolutionary machines such as the spinning jenny, steam engine, and power loom increased production efficiency.
Advancements in industries such as textiles, metallurgy, and steam power provided England with a significant economic and technological advantage.
Timing:
England’s early start in the Industrial Revolution allowed it to solidify its economic and military power before other European nations could catch up.
Known for rigorous training and discipline. Commanders employed innovative tactics and strategies in warfare.
Benefited from advancements in weaponry and military technology, allowing effective management and deployment of forces.
Strategic Advantages:
Combination of disciplined troops and effective strategies allowed smaller British forces to defeat larger armies, including those of rival European powers.
Experienced relative political stability with effective governance and consistent policies, except for the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
This stability provided a favorable environment for economic growth and expansion, contributing to Britain’s global dominance.
Other European Nations:
Countries like France faced internal upheavals, including the French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent Napoleonic Wars, weakening their ability to project power and maintain colonial holdings.
Italy’s unification was delayed until 1861, and the Dutch and Spanish faced their own conflicts, which hindered their imperial ambitions.
The Bank of England, established in 1694, played a crucial role in financing Britain’s military expenditures through the sale of government debt.
Britain’s ability to fund its military operations and wars through debt markets allowed it to maintain a significant military presence and outperform its rivals financially.
French Financial Struggles:
France struggled with outdated financial systems and went bankrupt several times due to the cost of wars and inefficient fundraising methods.
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