Explore the challenges the Mughal Empire faced, including key battles, invasions, and the rise of new states after Aurangzeb's death. A timeline of major events in Mughal history.

Major Challenges Faced by the Mughals

• External Challenges
• Due to the lack of internal strength, the Mughals failed to counter external threats, including repeated invasions from the north-west. The neglected north-western borders became a significant vulnerability.
• Nadir Shah's Devastating Invasion
• In 1738-39, Nadir Shah, the Persian emperor, attacked India, capturing Lahore and defeating the Mughal army at Karnal. He plundered Delhi, taking treasures like the Peacock Throne and Kohinoor diamond. His conquest exposed the strategic weaknesses of Mughal territories west of the Indus River.
• Ahmad Shah Abdali's Repeated Invasions
• Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India multiple times between 1748 and 1767, wreaking havoc on the Mughal Empire. His invasions included the infamous Third Battle of Panipat (1761), where he defeated the Marathas. These attacks further destabilized the empire.
• Lasting Impact of Nadir Shah
• Nadir Shah's short reign in India (1739) caused profound political aftershocks, weakening the Mughal authority and enabling British territorial conquests. His actions paved the way for new political powers to emerge.

Why Panipat Became a Battlefield for Empire-Defining Battles

• Situated in modern-day Haryana, Panipat played a strategic role in Indian history due to its location near the fertile plains of the Ganga and Indus rivers.
• First Battle of Panipat (1526)
• The battle between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi established the Mughal Empire in India, ending the Delhi Sultanate.
• Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
• This decisive battle between Akbar and Hemu reaffirmed Mughal control over India.
• Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
• The clash between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali marked the decline of Maratha ambitions for Indian dominance.
• Factors Making Panipat a Strategic Battlefield
• ● Its proximity to Delhi facilitated the transport of supplies and allowed rulers to insulate the capital from conflicts.
  ● Panipat's flat terrain favored cavalry movements.
  ● The short monsoon duration allowed for prolonged campaigns.
  ● The artisans of Panipat were skilled in producing war materials.

Weak Rulers after Aurangzeb: Internal Challenges

• Bahadur Shah I (1709–1712)
• After a prolonged war of succession, Prince Muazzam became the emperor. He adopted a conciliatory policy but failed to counter growing regional rebellions.
• Jahandar Shah (1712–1713)
• Known for his short reign, his policies, including the abolition of Jaziya, aimed to stabilize the declining empire.
• Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719)
• With the support of the Sayyid Brothers, he became emperor and introduced significant policies, such as granting farmans to the British. His eventual execution marked a turning point in Mughal politics.
• Shah Alam II (1760–1806)
• He signed the Treaty of Allahabad with the British, granting them the Diwani rights over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. This treaty solidified British control over Mughal territories.
• Bahadur Shah II (1837–1857)
• The last Mughal emperor was deposed by the British after the Revolt of 1857 and exiled to Rangoon.

Emergence of New States and Regional Powers

• 1. Successor States
• Former Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal, and Hyderabad declared autonomy while maintaining formal ties with the Mughal Emperor.
• 2. Independent Kingdoms
• Provinces such as Rajputana, Malwa, and Gujarat gained independence due to Mughal decentralization.
• 3. Rebel States
• Rebels like the Marathas, Jats, and Sikhs established powerful states challenging Mughal authority.