Representation of Non-Officials: Introduced the principle of including non-officials in legislative bodies.
Legislation Process: Laws required deliberation and could only be changed through the same process.
Portfolio System: Introduced by Lord Canning, laying the foundations for cabinet government in India.
Legislative Devolution: Legislative powers were vested in the Governments of Bombay and Madras, setting the foundation for legislative devolution.
Limitations: The councils had no real powers, couldn't discuss important matters without government approval, had no budget control, and required the viceroy’s and secretary of state’s approval for laws.
Congress Demand: The Indian National Congress sought reform of the councils, leading to the expansion of legislative councils.
Increased Representation: The number of non-official members increased, with recommendations from universities, district boards, municipalities, and other bodies.
Indirect Elections: Introduced the principle of representation, though the term 'election' was avoided.
Legislature Rights: Members could express views on financial statements and ask questions on public matters with prior notice.
Royal Commission: Appointed to review the working of the 1919 Act, recommending the abolition of dyarchy, extension of responsible government, and continuation of communal electorates.
Round Table Conferences: Held to consider the commission’s proposals, leading to the Government of India Act of 1935.
Further Proposals and Plans: Included the August Offer (1940), Cripps Proposals (1942), C.R. Formula (1944), Wavell Plan (1945), and Cabinet Mission.
Indian Independence Act, 1947: Culminated in the partition and independence of India.
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