Immediate Cause of Rebellion. Offensive and Support. Retreat and Further Conflict. Resolution and Aftermath. Role of Nur JahanEarly Life and Marriage. Family Influence and Political Rise. Role in Governance and Administration. Cultural Contributions and Legacy. Relationship with Jahangir and Shah JahanPolitical and Administrative Developments. Jahangir's Reign and Challenges. Nur Jahan's Influence and Succession Issues.
By the 18th century, the Portuguese in India lost their commercial influence, though some of them still carried on trade in their individual capacity and many took to piracy and robbery.
In fact, Hooghly was used by some Portuguese as a base for piracy in the Bay of Bengal.
The decline of the Portuguese was brought about by several factors.
The local advantages gained by the Portuguese in India were reduced with the emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt, Persia, and North India and the rise of the turbulent Marathas as their immediate neighbours. (The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein in 1739 from the Portuguese.)
The religious policies of the Portuguese, such as the activities of the Jesuits, gave rise to political fears.
Their antagonism for the Muslims apart, the Portuguese policy of conversion to Christianity made Hindus also resentful.
Their dishonest trade practices also evoked a strong reaction.
The Portuguese earned notoriety as sea pirates.
Their arrogance and violence brought them the animosity of the rulers of small states and the imperial Mughals as well.
The discovery of Brazil diverted colonising activities of Portugal to the West.
The union of the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal in 1580-81, dragging the smaller kingdom into Spain’s wars with England and Holland, badly affected Portuguese monopoly of trade in India.
The earlier monopoly of knowledge of the sea route to India held by the Portuguese could not remain a secret forever; soon enough the Dutch and the English, who were learning the skills of ocean navigation, also learnt of it.
As new trading communities from Europe arrived in India, there began a fierce rivalry among them.
In this struggle, the Portuguese had to give way to the more powerful and enterprising competitors.
The Dutch and the English had greater resources and more compulsions to expand overseas, and they overcame the Portuguese resistance.
1498: Arrival of Vasco-da-Gama at Calicut and his grand reception by the local king, Zamorin.
1503: Establishment of the first Portuguese fort at Cochin.
1505: Establishment of the second Portuguese fort at Cannanore.
1509: Defeat of the combined fleet of Gujarat, Egypt, and Zamorin by the Portuguese governor Francisco Almeida.
1510: Alfonso Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor, captures Goa from Bijapur.
1530: Declaration of Goa as the Portuguese capital.
1535: Subjugation of Diu.
1559: The Portuguese capture Daman.
1596: Ouster of the Portuguese by the Dutch from South-east Asia.
1612: Loss of Surat to the English.
1663: The Dutch win all Portuguese forts on the Malabar coast to oust the Portuguese.
One by one, the Portuguese possessions fell to its opponents.
Goa, which remained with the Portuguese, had lost its importance as a port after the fall of the Vijayanagara empire and soon it did not matter in whose possession it was.
The spice trade came under the control of the Dutch, and Goa was superseded by Brazil as the economic centre of the overseas empire of Portugal.
In 1683, after two naval assaults, the Marathas invaded Goa.
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