Explore a detailed summary of people’s uprisings, including resistance factors, forms of uprisings, and notable events like civil uprisings and tribal revolts.

Factors Responsible for People's Resistance Against British Colonialism

• Colonial land revenue settlements; heavy burden of new taxes and eviction of peasants from their land.
• Growth of intermediary revenue collectors, tenants, and moneylenders.
• Expansion of revenue administration over tribal lands.
• Destruction of indigenous industry and promotion of British manufactured goods.
• End of patronage to priestly and scholarly classes.
• Foreign character of British rule.

Forms of People's Uprisings in India

• Civil Uprisings
• Peasant Movements
• Tribal Revolts
• Military Revolts

Civil Uprisings Before the 1857 Indian Rebellion

• Sanyasi Revolt (1763-1800)—Bihar and Bengal; Manju Shah, Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak, and Debi Chaudhurani were some important leaders.
• Rebellion in Midnapore and Dhalbhum (1766-67)—Bengal; Damodar Singh, Jagannath Dhal, etc.
• Revolt of Moamarias (1769-99)—Assam and parts of present Bangladesh; Krishnanarayan was an important leader.
• Civil Uprisings in Gorakhpur, Basti and Bahraich (1781)—Uttar Pradesh.
• Revolt of Raja of Vizianagaram—Northern Circars; Vizieram Rauze (Chinna Vijayaramaraju) was supported by his subjects.
• Revolt in Bednur (1797-1800)—Karnataka; Dhundia Wagh.
• Revolt of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja (1797-1805)—Kerala; Kerala Varma.
• Civil Rebellion of Awadh (1799)—Eastern Uttar Pradesh; Wazir Ali Khan (Vizier Ali).
• Uprising in Ganjam and Gumsur (1800, 1935-37)—Eastern Orissa; Strikara Bhanj, Dhananjaya Bhanj, and Doora Bisayi.
• Uprisings in Palamau (1800-02)—Chhotanagpur of Jharkhand; Bhukhan Singh was the leader of the revolt.
• Poligars’ Revolt (1795-1805)—Tinnevelly, Ramnathapuram, Sivagiri, Madurai, and North Arcot of Tamil Nadu; Kattabomman Nayakan was an important leader.
• Revolt of Diwan Velu Thampi (1808-09)—Travancore; led by Diwan of State, Velu Thampi.
• Disturbances in Bundelkhand (1808-12)—Regions of Bundelkhand in present Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh; Lakshaman Dawa, the Killadar of Ajaygarh Fort, Darya Singh, the Killadar of Kalanjar, and Gopal Singh, a military adventurer, were the important insurgents.
• Parlakimedi Outbreak (1813-34)—Orissa; Narayan Deo and Gajapathi Deo.
• Kutch Rebellion (1819)—Gujarat; Rao Bharamal.
• Rising at Bareilly (1816)—Uttar Pradesh; Mufti Muhammad Aiwaz, a religious leader; a resistance against municipal tax turned into a religious jehad.
• Upsurge in Hathras (1817)—Aligarh and Agra in Uttar Pradesh; Dayaram and Bhagwant Singh were the important insurgents.
• Paika Rebellion (1817)—Orissa; Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar, Mukunda Deva, and Dinabandhu Santra were important leaders.
• Waghera Rising (1818-20)—Baroda region of Gujarat; led by Waghera chiefs of Okha Mandal.
• Ahom Revolt (1828)—Assam; led by Gomdhar Konwar and Maharaja Purandhar Singh. Narendra Gadadhar Singh and Kumar Rupchand were other leaders.
• Surat Salt Agitations (1844)—Gujarat; attacks on the Europeans by the locals of Surat over the issue of increase in salt duty.
• Gadkari Revolt (1844)—Kolhapur of Maharashtra; Gadakaris, a hereditary military class, revolted in the wake of unemployment and agrarian grievances.
• Revolt of Savantavadi (1844-59)—North Konkan Coast; Phond Savant, Subana Nikam, Daji Lakshman, and Har Savant Dingnekar were important insurrectionists.
• Wahabi Movement (1830-61)—Bihar, Bengal, North West Frontier Province, Punjab, etc., an Islamist revivalist movement started by Syed Ahmed of Rai Bareilly.
• Kuka Movement (1840-1872)—Punjab; A religious movement started by Bhagat Jawahar Mal transformed into a political one. Ram Singh, a noted leader, deported to Rangoon.

Peasant Movements Against British Colonial Exploitation

• Narkelberia Uprising (1831)—24 Parganas (Bengal); Titu Mir inspired the Muslim tenants in West Bengal against Hindu landlords.
• Pagal Panthis (1825-35)—Mymensingh district (Bengal); Karam Shah and his son Tipu rose against zamindars.
• Faraizi Revolt (1838-57)—Faridpur in Eastern Bengal; Shariat-Allah, son of Dadu Mian, was the founder of the religious sect (Faraizi).
• Moplah Uprisings (1836-1854)—Malabar region of Kerala; against hike in revenue demand and reduction in field size.

Tribal Revolts Against British Colonialism

• Pahariyas’ Rebellion (1778)—Raj Mahal Hills
• Chuar Uprisings (1766 to 1772, 1795-1816)—Midnapore district of Bengal; important leaders—Sham Ganjan, Durjan Singh, and Madhab Singh.
• Kol Mutiny (1831)—Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Palamau, and Manbhum; Buddho Bhagat was an important leader.
• Ho and Munda Uprisings (1820-22, 1831-37, 1899-1900)—Chhotanagpur region; Birsa Munda in 1899-1900 led the rebellion.
• Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)—Raj Mahal Hill (Bihar); Sidhu and Kanhu were important leaders.
• Khond Uprisings (1837-1856)—Hilly tracts extending from Tamil Nadu to Bengal; Chakra Bisoi, an important leader.
• Koya Revolts (1803, 1840-1862, 1879-80)—Eastern Godavari region of Andhra Pradesh; Tomma Sora and Raja Anantayyar were important leaders.
• Bhil Revolts (1817-19, 1913)—Khandesh, Dhar, Malwa, Western Ghats, and southern Rajasthan.
• Koli Risings (1829, 1839 and 1844-48)—Western Ghats.
• Ramosi Risings (1822-1829, 1839-41)—Western Ghats; Chittur Singh was an important rebel leader.
• Khasi Uprising (1829-33)—Hilly region between Garo and Jaintia Hills, Sylhet; Khasis, Garos, Khamptis, and Singhphos organized themselves under Tirath Singh.
• Singhphos’ Rebellion (1830-31, 1843)—Assam-Burma Border; Nirang Phidu led an uprising in 1843.

Sepoy Mutinies and Early Uprisings Against British Rule

• Vellore Mutiny (1806)
• Mutiny of 47th Native Infantry Unit (1824)
• Revolt of Grenadier Company (1825), Assam
• Mutiny in Sholapur (1833)
• Mutiny of 34th Native Infantry (1844)
• Mutiny of 22nd Native Infantry (1849)
• Mutiny of 66th Native Infantry (1850)
• Mutiny of 37th Native Infantry (1852)