Explore the rise of socialism, youth activism, trade union movements, and caste-based movements in early 20th-century India. Learn about the key events, figures, and social forces that shaped this transformative period in Indian history.
Emergence of New Forces: Socialistic Ideas, Youth Power, and the Rise of Trade Unionism in India's National Movement
Spread of Marxist and Socialist Ideas in India’s Nationalist Movement
Marxist and Socialist ideas inspired the formation of socialist and communist groups, leading to the rise of a left-wing within the Congress.
Key figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Chandra Bose advocated for radical solutions, opposing both the Swarajists and No-Changers.
The Communist Party of India (CPI) was established in 1920 in Tashkent by M.N. Roy and others, marking the formal introduction of communist ideology in India.
Significant events include the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (1924), the formation of the CPI in 1925, and the Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929).
Activism of Indian Youth and its Impact on the National Movement
Student leagues were established across India, and conferences were held to mobilize young people.
In 1928, Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the All Bengal Students’ Conference, showcasing the growing influence of youth in the national movement.
Peasants’ Agitations and Their Role in India’s Freedom Struggle
Peasant movements in various regions demanded revisions in tenancy laws, lower rents, and relief from indebtedness.
Notable agitations include those in the United Provinces, the Rampa region of Andhra, and the Bardoli Satyagraha led by Vallabhbhai Patel in 1928.
Growth of Trade Unionism and Workers’ Rights in Colonial India
The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was founded in 1920, with Lala Lajpat Rai as its first president.
Major strikes occurred throughout the 1920s, including those in Kharagpur Railway Workshops, Tata Iron and Steel Works, and Bombay Textile Mills.
In 1923, the first May Day was celebrated in India, marking a significant milestone in the trade union movement.
Caste Movements and the Fight for Social Justice in India
Caste associations and movements became more prominent, reflecting the contradictions within Indian society.
Notable movements include the Justice Party in Madras, the Self-respect movement under Periyar, and the Mahars under Ambedkar.
These movements varied in their goals, from conservative to potentially radical, but all contributed to the broader national struggle.
Revolutionary Activity with a Turn Towards Socialism in India’s Freedom Struggle
Some revolutionaries, dissatisfied with non-violent nationalist strategies, turned towards socialism and more militant methods.
Key groups include the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) in Punjab-UP-Bihar and the Chittagong Revolt Group under Surya Sen in Bengal.
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