Introduction: The civil service system introduced by the East India Company evolved from managing commercial affairs to overseeing administrative matters in India.
Distinction: Initially distinguished between commercial servants and those in military/naval services.
Congress Demand: Lowering age limits and simultaneous examinations in India and Britain.
Aitchison Committee (1886): Recommended changes including dropping terms ‘covenanted’ and ‘uncovenanted’, classification of services, and raising age limits.
Resolution of 1893: Supported simultaneous examinations but was not implemented.
Recommendations: Recruitment of ICS and other services by the secretary of state, provincial recruitment for transferred fields, and achieving parity between Europeans and Indians in 15 years.
Public Service Commission: Establishment recommended as per the Government of India Act, 1919.
Exclusion of Indians: Indians were largely excluded from policy-making and implementation institutions.
Entrance Difficulties: Entrance exams were held in London with high barriers for Indians, including classical subjects and reduced age limits.
Key Positions: Europeans occupied key positions of power, and Indianisation did not effectively transfer power.
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