Explore the evolution of the police system in modern India, from pre-colonial times through colonial reforms to the establishment of the CID and Central Intelligence Bureau. Learn about key events, reforms, and figures shaping the Indian police force and law enforcement system.
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Evolution of Police System in Modern India
Pre-Colonial and Early Colonial System
Pre-Colonial India: Autocratic governments lacked a formal police system, with village watch guards, faujdars, and kotwals managing law and order.
British Era: In 1770, faujdar and amil institutions were abolished but restored by Warren Hastings in 1774. Faujdar thanas and smaller police stations were established.
Dual Rule Period: Zamindars were responsible for law and order, but often neglected their duties and colluded with criminals.
Cornwallis' Reforms (1791)
Regular Police Force: Organized a modernized police system with thanas (circles) under darogas and superintendents of police (SP).
Zamindars' Duties: Relieved of police duties.
Reforms by Mayo and Bentinck
Mayo (1808): Appointed SP for each division with goyendas (spies), though they committed depredations.
Bentinck (1814): Abolished darogas and the office of SP, placing police force under the collector/magistrate and commissioner.
Presidency Towns: First to separate collector/magistrate duties.
Police Commission and Indian Police Act (1860-1861)
Police Commission (1860): Recommended a system with civil constabulary, village watchmen, and a structured hierarchy with inspector-general, deputy inspector-general, and SP.
Indian Police Act (1861): Provided guidelines for police setup in provinces; however, the police were used to suppress national movements.
CID and Central Intelligence Bureau (1902)
Recommendations: Establishment of Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in provinces and Central Intelligence Bureau at the Centre.
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