Explore how the British East India Company expanded its dominance in India from 1757-1857 through annexation policies, diplomacy, and administrative mechanisms. Learn about key policies like Warren Hastings’ 'ring-fence' and Wellesley’s 'subsidiary alliance' and their impact on Indian states.

Introduction to British Imperial Expansion in India

• The process of imperial expansion and consolidation of British paramountcy was carried out by the Company between 1757 and 1857.
• (a) Policy of annexation through conquest or war
• (b) Policy of annexation via diplomacy and administrative mechanisms
• The British defeated and subjugated major Indian powers like Bengal, Mysore, the Marathas, and the Sikhs primarily through wars and deceit.
• Policies like Warren Hastings’ ring-fence, Wellesley’s subsidiary alliance, and Dalhousie’s doctrine of lapse were key strategies.

Warren Hastings' Policy of Ring-Fence

• Implemented during a critical period when the British faced powerful opponents like the Marathas, Mysore, and Hyderabad.
• Established buffer zones to safeguard British frontiers.
• Focused on defending neighboring states like Awadh as a protective strategy for Bengal.
• Allies were obligated to maintain subsidiary forces commanded by Company officers at their own expense.
• The policy aimed to neutralize threats from Afghan invaders and the Marathas.

Wellesley’s Subsidiary Alliance Policy

• Expanded upon the ring-fence policy to establish Indian states as dependent on the British government.
• Ensured that Indian rulers ceded territories or accepted British supremacy in exchange for military protection.