Why the Surge of Revolutionary Activities: Key Factors, Ideologies & Programs

Surge of Revolutionary Activities in Colonial India: Causes and Impact

Overview of Revolutionary Activities During the Indian Independence Movement

Origin: Activities began as a byproduct of militant nationalism, with two main phases:
- First Phase (1907-1917): Evolved from the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.
- Second Phase: Emerged after the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Disillusionment: After the decline of open movements, younger nationalists struggled to find new avenues for their patriotic energies, feeling let down by the Extremist leadership.
Revolutionary Goals: With peaceful political protest blocked by government repression, the youth believed that independence could only be achieved by expelling the British physically.

The Revolutionary Programme: Strategies for Indian Independence

Approach: Revolutionaries considered, but did not implement, creating a mass violent revolution or subverting the Army's loyalties.
Methodology: Followed Russian nihilists and Irish nationalists with:
- Individual Heroic Actions: Organising assassinations of unpopular officials and traitors among revolutionaries.
- Swadeshi Dacoities: Conducting dacoities to raise funds for revolutionary activities.
- Military Conspiracies: During WWI, organising conspiracies with hopes of aid from Britain's enemies.
Objective: To strike terror into rulers, arouse the people, and remove fear of authority, thereby inspiring the youth to drive the British out.
Failure of Extremist Leaders: Extremist leaders did not ideologically counter the revolutionaries or differentiate between mass-based revolutions and individual violent actions, allowing the latter to take root.

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