Explore the key debates and strategic decisions after the Civil Disobedience Movement, including Nehru’s opposition to the S-T-S strategy, the First Stage Debate, and the council entry decision. Understand their impact on India's political landscape.
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Future Strategy After Civil Disobedience Movement
The First Stage Debate (1934-35)
Gandhian Constructive Work: Advocated by traditionalists. Focused on constructive activities.
Constitutional Struggle and Council Participation: Advocated by M.A. Ansari, Asaf Ali, Bhulabhai Desai, S. Satyamurthy, B.C. Roy.
Arguments:
Maintain political interest and morale.
Utilize elections to keep Congress active.
Prepare masses for the next struggle phase.
Enhance Congress prestige and confidence.
Equivalent to the movement in councils.
Leftist Perspective: Led by Jawaharlal Nehru. Critical of constructive work and council entry. Favored resumption of non-constitutionalist mass struggle.
Nehru's Vision:
Abolition of capitalism, establishment of socialism.
Withdrawal from Civil Disobedience Movement seen as a “spiritual defeat”.
Suggested revising vested interests in favor of the masses.
Emphasized economic and class demands.
Advocated continuous confrontation with imperialism.
Nehru’s Opposition to S-T-S Strategy
Struggle-Truce-Struggle (S-T-S) Strategy: Supported by Gandhi and a large number of Congressmen.
Arguments:
Mass struggle followed by a truce for masses to recuperate.
Provide government with a chance to respond.
Resume struggle if demands are not met.
Nehru’s Critique: Advocated continuous direct action without constitutional phases. Proposed Struggle-Victory (S-V) strategy instead.
Emphasis: Real power cannot be won by small victories.
Final Decision on Council Entry
Conciliation by Gandhi: Agreed to council entry, acknowledging it would not lead to freedom directly.
Participation Conditions: Allowed Congressmen to participate in elections if not engaged in satyagraha or constructive work.
Gandhi's Stance: Emphasized avoiding constitutionalism and self-serving behavior. Assured that withdrawal from Civil Disobedience was not a compromise with imperialism.
Establishment of Parliamentary Board: AICC set up a Parliamentary Board in May 1934 for elections. Gandhi's resignation from Congress in October 1934.
Socialists' View: Led by Nehru, the socialists emphasized anti-imperialist struggle before socialism. Advocated gradual radicalization of Congress rather than isolation.
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