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Emergence of Gandhi: A New Era of Indian Nationalism
Nationalist Resurgence Post-World War I
Following World War I, India saw a surge in nationalist activity influenced by economic hardships, unmet political expectations, and global anti-imperialist movements. Gandhi emerged as a key figure, utilizing his philosophy of non-violence to mobilize various societal segments. His leadership marked a new phase in Indian politics, focusing on mass mobilization and a more inclusive approach to the struggle against colonial rule.
The period following World War I saw a significant resurgence in nationalist activity across India and other colonies, influenced by economic, political, and social changes both locally and internationally.
Post-War Economic Hardships
Industry: The war-induced inflation and subsequent recession, coupled with increased foreign investment, brought many industries to the brink of collapse. There were demands for government protection against imports and aid for struggling industries.
Workers and Artisans: Faced with unemployment and high prices, workers and artisans suffered significantly, struggling to make ends meet in the post-war economy.
Peasantry: The peasantry, burdened by high taxes and poverty, was increasingly restive and awaited leadership for organized protest.
Soldiers: Returning soldiers, disillusioned by their experiences abroad, found their homeland impoverished and less free, leading to increased discontent.
Educated Urban Classes: This group faced high levels of unemployment and racial discrimination, contributing to their dissatisfaction with British rule.
Expectations of Political Gains for Cooperation in the War
Indians had made substantial contributions to the British war effort, expecting political reforms and concessions as a reward. The unmet expectations fueled growing dissatisfaction and a charged atmosphere in the country.
Nationalist Disillusionment with Imperialism Worldwide
The post-war period exposed the imperialist intentions of the Allied powers, who continued their dominance over colonies despite earlier promises of democracy and self-determination. This global disillusionment contributed to a rise in nationalist movements across Asia and Africa, including in Turkey, Egypt, Ireland, Iran, Afghanistan, Burma, Malaya, the Philippines, Indonesia, Indo-China, China, and Korea.
Impact of the Russian Revolution (November 7, 1917)
The Bolshevik Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin, established the Soviet Union and renounced Czarist imperialist rights in Asia. It promoted self-determination and equal status for Asian nationalities, inspiring global anti-imperialist movements.
The October Revolution underscored the power of organized masses and demonstrated that even the mightiest tyrants could be challenged effectively, sending a powerful message to nationalist movements worldwide, including in India.
Gandhi’s Role in Nationalist Movements
Arrival and Early Activities: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, having returned from South Africa, began to engage in Indian politics with his unique approach of nonviolent resistance.
Champaran and Kheda Agitations: Gandhi's first major involvement in Indian politics included leading successful agitations in Champaran (1917) and Kheda (1918), which gained him widespread recognition and support.
Formation of Mass Movements: Gandhi's approach to mass mobilization and his emphasis on nonviolent methods laid the foundation for future nationalist movements, including the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Influence on Indian Politics: Gandhi's principles and methods significantly influenced the Indian nationalist movement, shaping its strategies and goals for achieving independence from British rule.