The last two years of British rule witnessed two distinct strands of national upsurge:
Strand 1: Tortuous negotiations involving the government, Congress, and Muslim League, which were increasingly accompanied by communal violence and culminated in both freedom and partition.
Strand 2: Sporadic, localized, and often extremely militant and united mass action by workers, peasants, and states’ peoples, taking the form of a countrywide strike wave.
This second strand of national upsurge was characterized by mass movements such as:
The INA Release Movement
The Royal Indian Navy (RIN) revolt
The Tebhaga movement
The Worli revolt
Punjab Kisan Morchas
The Travancore peoples’ struggle, especially the Punnapra-Vayalar episode
The Telangana peasant revolt
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