Raja Rammohan Roy: Often called the father of the Indian Renaissance, he was a man of versatile genius who believed in modern scientific approaches and principles of human dignity and social equality. He wrote "Gift to Monotheists" (1809) and translated the Vedas and Upanishads to prove that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism.
Atmiya Sabha: Founded in 1814 in Calcutta to propagate monotheistic ideals of Vedanta and campaign against idolatry, caste rigidities, and other social ills. He declared that Vedanta is based on reason and that reason might justify a departure from scriptures.
Brahmo Sabha: Founded in August 1828 and later renamed Brahmo Samaj. It aimed to institutionalize his ideas, opposed idolatry and meaningless rituals, and was committed to worship and adoration of the Eternal Being. The Samaj focused on purifying Hinduism and preaching monotheism.
Opposition: Rammohan Roy faced strong opposition from orthodox elements and his death in 1833 was a setback for the Samaj's mission.
Anti-Sati Struggle: Started in 1818, cited sacred texts and organized vigilance groups. His efforts led to the Government Regulation in 1829 which declared sati a crime.
Women's Rights: Condemned the subjugation of women, attacked polygamy, and demanded inheritance rights and property for women.
Modern Education: Supported modern education through institutions like Hindu College, Vedanta college, and contributed to Bengali language and literature.
Freedom of the Press: Brought out journals in various languages to educate the public and represent grievances before the government.
Political Activism: Condemned oppressive practices, demanded reform in taxation, Indianisation of services, and judicial equality.
Internationalism: Supported international revolutions and condemned colonial oppression, showcasing a vision for global brotherhood and justice.
Debendranath Tagore: Joined the Brahmo Samaj in 1842, revitalized the movement, and supported widow remarriage, women’s education, and opposition to polygamy.
Opposition to Missionaries: The Samaj opposed Christian missionaries for their criticism of Hinduism and attempts at conversion.
Support for Social Reforms: Supported reforms such as widow remarriage, improvement in ryots’ conditions, and temperance.
Keshab Chandra Sen: Joined in 1858 and popularized the movement, opening branches outside Bengal. His radical ideas led to a split, and he was dismissed as acharya in 1865.
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj: Founded after Keshab’s dismissal, focusing on faith in a Supreme being, belief in reason, truth, and morality.
Significance: The Samaj worked for social reform, attacking dogmas and superstitions, and advocated for women’s rights, education, and social equality.
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