Discover the key reasons behind the revolt's failure, including lack of all-India participation, poor organization, and inadequate arms. Also, explore how Hindu-Muslim unity played a significant role in the revolt, showcasing cooperation and leadership from both communities.

Why the 1857 Revolt Failed: Key Factors

• All-India Participation Was Absent: The revolt lacked all-India participation. It was largely confined to specific regions, with the eastern, southern, and western parts of India remaining mostly unaffected. Previous uprisings in these regions had been brutally suppressed, contributing to their lack of involvement.
• All Classes Did Not Join: Some classes and groups either did not join the revolt or actively worked against it:
  • Big zamindars acted as "break-waters to storm," and some Awadh taluqdars withdrew once promises of land restitution were made.
  • Money-lenders and merchants, who suffered from the mutineers, found their class interests better protected under British rule.
  • Educated Indians viewed the revolt as backward-looking and supportive of the feudal order. They hoped that British rule would usher in modernization.
  • Many Indian rulers did not participate and, in fact, assisted the British. Rulers who did not join included the Sindhia of Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the rulers of Patiala, Sindh, Sikh chieftains, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.
  • Estimates suggest that not more than one-fourth of the total area and one-tenth of the total population was affected by the revolt.
• Poor Arms and Equipment: The Indian soldiers were poorly equipped, mainly fighting with swords and spears, and had very few guns and muskets. In contrast, European soldiers were equipped with advanced weapons like the Enfield rifle, and the electric telegraph kept them informed about rebel movements and strategies.
• Uncoordinated and Poorly Organised: The revolt lacked coordination and central leadership. Principal rebel leaders such as Nana Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh, and Laxmibai were less capable in generalship compared to their British counterparts, including the Lawrence brothers, John Nicholson, James Outram, and Henry Havelock.
• No Unified Ideology: The mutineers lacked a clear understanding of colonial rule and did not have a forward-looking program, coherent ideology, or political perspective. The rebels represented diverse elements with differing grievances and political concepts. The lack of unity among Indians was significant, though the revolt of 1857 played a role in fostering a sense of national consciousness and unity.

Hindu-Muslim Unity During the 1857 Revolt

• Complete Cooperation: Throughout the revolt, there was notable cooperation between Hindus and Muslims at all levels—people, soldiers, and leaders. Rebels of both religions acknowledged Bahadur Shah Zafar, a Muslim, as the emperor. Hindu sepoys initially aimed to march to Delhi, the Mughal imperial capital.
• Unity and Loyalty: According to Maulana Azad, the revolt showcased remarkable unity among Hindus and Muslims. Rebels and sepoys respected each other's sentiments, leading to immediate actions like banning cow slaughter in areas where the revolt succeeded.
• Leadership and Support: Leadership was well-represented by both Hindus and Muslims. For example, Nana Saheb had Azimullah, a Muslim expert in political propaganda, as an aide. Similarly, Laxmibai received support from Afghan soldiers.
• Pre-1858 Indian Politics: The events of 1857 demonstrated that Indian politics was not inherently communal or sectarian before 1858. The revolt highlighted a sense of unity and common purpose among various groups.