The Anglo-French Struggle for Supremacy: the Carnatic Wars, Causes for the English Success and the French Failure.
Immediate Cause of Rebellion. Offensive and Support. Retreat and Further Conflict. Resolution and Aftermath. Role of Nur JahanEarly Life and Marriage.
Family Influence and Political Rise. Role in Governance and Administration. Cultural Contributions and Legacy. Relationship with Jahangir and Shah JahanPolitical
and Administrative Developments. Jahangir's Reign and Challenges. Nur Jahan's Influence and Succession Issues.
The doctrine stated that the adopted son could inherit his foster father’s private property but not the state.
It was for the paramount power (the British) to decide whether to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it.
The doctrine was claimed to be based on Hindu law and Indian customs, though Hindu law was somewhat inconclusive on this point.
Instances of annexation by an Indian sovereign due to ‘lapse’ were rare.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Company in 1820 had annexed a few states on the absence of heirs, but no clear instance of depriving an adopted son of a state was recorded.
During Dalhousie’s tenure, seven states were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse due to rulers dying without male heirs.
Important annexations included Satara (1848), Jhansi, and Nagpur (1854).
Other states annexed were Jaitpur (Bundelkhand), Sambhalpur (Orissa), and Baghat (Madhya Pradesh).
Dalhousie also annexed Awadh in 1856, bringing the total to eight states and approximately a quarter million square miles of territory.
His tenure almost completed the expansion of British power in India, following the victory at Plassey in 1757.
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