The Simon Commission, established in 1927, faced immediate backlash in India for its all-white composition and exclusion of Indians. Congress and other groups called for a boycott, leading to nationwide protests and police repression. Key figures such as Dr. Ambedkar advocated for reforms but found limited success. The commission’s arrival sparked significant political and public unrest, illustrating the deep discontent with British policies and the growing demand for self-determination.
Background: Under the Government of India Act, 1919, a commission was to be appointed ten years later to study governance progress. The Simon Commission was established on November 8, 1927, by the British government under Stanley Baldwin's prime ministership.
Purpose: To assess if India was ready for further constitutional reforms and recommend the nature of these reforms.
Composition: All-white, seven-member commission chaired by Sir John Simon. The appointment was influenced by fears of Labour Party defeat and dissatisfaction with the 1919 Act's results.
Support for Boycott: Supported by Hindu Mahasabha liberals and majority faction of the Muslim League under Jinnah. Split in Muslim League with support in Lahore and opposition in Calcutta.
Non-Supporting Groups: Unionists in Punjab and Justice Party in the south decided not to boycott.
February 3, 1928: Commission’s arrival in Bombay led to nationwide hartals, rallies, and demonstrations. Active participation by youth, with Nehru and Subhash Bose emerging as leaders.
Role and Arguments: Appointed by Bombay Legislative Council. Advocated for universal adult franchise, provincial autonomy, and safeguards for depressed classes.
Outcome: Reserved seats granted with conditions not fully satisfactory to Ambedkar.
Repression: Severe police actions including lathicharges. Nehru and G.B. Pant beaten, Lala Lajpat Rai fatally injured.
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