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Mimamsa, one of the six classical systems (darshans) of Indian philosophy, is foundational to Vedanta and has significantly influenced Hindu law. Regarded as the earliest of the six systems, Mimamsa provides rules for interpreting the Vedas—the oldest scriptures of Hinduism—and offers a philosophical justification for Vedic rituals. Its focus on the earlier sections of the Vedas (Karmakanda) earns it the name Purva-Mimamsa ("Prior Study") or Karma-Mimamsa ("Study of Actions"), distinguishing it from Uttara-Mimamsa ("Posterior Study"), which addresses the Upanishads and is also known as Vedanta.
The Mimamsa-sutra of Jaimini (circa 4th century BCE) is the foundational text of the system. This was later elaborated upon by Shabarasvamin (circa 1st century BCE?) and a lineage of scholars, including Kumarila and Prabhakara (7th–8th century CE). Mimamsa is traditionally credited, through figures like Kumarila, with contributing to the decline of Buddhism in India and shaping the direction of Hindu erudition.
The primary aim of Mimamsa is to:
Since dharma cannot be ascertained through perception or reasoning, Mimamsa relies on the Vedas, which it views as eternal, authorless, and infallible. Practitioners use explicit or implicit commands in the Vedas to discern dharma, ensuring precise adherence to ritual and ethical prescriptions.
Mimamsa upholds the Vedas as the ultimate source of knowledge and truth. The system emphasizes:
In Mimamsa, rituals are central as they:
In Mimamsa, karma highlights:
Mimamsa emphasizes a commitment to dharma, which involves:
Scholars rigorously analyze Vedic texts, focusing on:
Rituals serve as:
Philosophical inquiry through debate enables:
These practices facilitate:
Focuses on rituals and ethical dimensions of the Vedas. Emphasizes precise performance of rites to uphold social and cosmic order. Highlights the importance of adhering to one’s dharma through moral and ritual obligations.
Explores metaphysical and spiritual dimensions of the Vedas. Investigates the nature of Brahman (ultimate reality) and Atman (individual soul). Addresses pathways to liberation (moksha) and the relationship between self and divine.
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