The age of Vijayanagara empire: It's foundation, conflicts with Bahmani Kingdom. Accession of Portuguese. The Bahmani Kingdom: Its Expansion and Disintegration, Firuz Shah Bahman & Ahmed Shah-I.

Background and preparations for the first voyage to India.

• --> Portuguese exploration efforts and strategic planning.
• --> Diplomatic engagements and support for maritime ventures.
• --> Technological advancements in navigation and shipbuilding.

Role of Albuquerque in Portuguese expansion and governance.

• --> Expansion of Portuguese influence in South India and strategic alliances.
• --> Policy of fortification and consolidation of Portuguese territories.
• --> Impact on local governance and administration under Portuguese rule.

Portuguese impact on Indian history and eventual decline.

• --> Political and economic challenges leading to decline of Portuguese influence.
• --> Legacy of Portuguese architecture, language, and cultural interactions in India.
• --> Transition to Dutch, English, and other European powers in Indian maritime trade.

Loss of Portuguese strongholds and impact on colonial rule in India.

• --> Military conflicts and strategic defeats against native powers and rival European forces.
• --> Political negotiations and treaties leading to the decline of Portuguese influence.
• --> Transfer of territories and administrative changes in Portuguese India.

1498: Initiation of direct European trade with India.

• Personality: Vasco da Gama
• Places: Calicut (Kozhikode)
• Events: Establishment of direct sea route from Europe to India.
• Battles: Initial conflicts with local Arab merchants.
• Trades: Introduction of spices and drugs to European markets.
• Merchandise: Pepper, spices, silk

Establishment of forts, conflicts with local powers, and internal issues.

• Places: Goa, Colombo, Malacca, Socotra, Ormuz
• Battles: Conflict with Ottoman and Indian forces.
• Policies: Royal monopoly on eastern trade; governance and corruption.
• Rivalries: Competitions with Dutch and English East India Companies.
• Trades: Impact on Indian maritime trade routes.
• Merchandise: Silk, spices, drugs, firearms
• Reforms: Portuguese policy of naval dominance and fortification.

Transfer of political power and European influence in India.

• Events: Political and cultural relations between India and the West.
• Trades: Significance of Portuguese era in Indian commerce, diplomacy, and society.
• Merchandise: Economic impact on Indian markets.
• Reforms: Changes in Indian governance and administrative policies.