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Explore a detailed timeline and overview of key economic topics including economic growth and development, poverty, inclusion, demographics, fiscal policy, social issues, and other economics topics.

WTO Governance, Legal Foundations and Decision-Making

The World Trade Organization is built on a structured legal and institutional framework evolved from GATT. Understanding the transition from GATT to WTO is crucial to grasp the origin of modern global trade rules. The WTO functions through a structured hierarchy, where decision-making mechanisms ensure rule-based trade. Compliance is enforced through the dispute settlement system which resolves conflicts among member nations. Key trade principles such as the National Treatment rule and Most Favoured Nation principle (MFN) guarantee non-discrimination and fairness in international trade commitments.

WTO Trade Agreements: TRIPS, GATS, Agriculture & Sectoral Disciplines

WTO oversees multiple sector-specific agreements that influence global commerce. The TRIPS Agreement establishes rules for protecting intellectual property rights. Trade in services is governed by GATS which liberalizes cross-border service flows. Historical issues of textile trade protectionism transitioned under WTO reforms. Agriculture remains a core pillar under WTO agriculture disciplines and trade rules align with product standards such as GATT XX, TBT & SPS provisions to balance trade facilitation with safety and regulatory concerns.

Trade Remedies, Safeguards and Balance-of-Payments Measures at WTO

WTO allows members to apply controlled protection instruments in exceptional circumstances. Measures against unfair pricing include anti-dumping duties and countervailing duties on subsidies. Sudden import surges can be addressed through safeguard measures. Restrictions like importโ€“export restraints and tariffs are regulated to prevent distortion. Developing nations can invoke BOP measures under WTO rules to address external sector stress without violating commitments.

Protectionism Trade Policies Economics

Protectionism in International Trade and Its Economic Justifications

Protectionist trade policies are widely used by governments to shield domestic industries from external competition and to maintain economic stability. Measures like tariffs increase the cost of imports, while non-tariff barriers regulate trade through quotas and standards. One of the classical reasons for protection is the infant industry argument, which advocates supporting young industries until they gain competitiveness. Another justification lies in domestic market failure, where protection helps correct inefficiencies within the local economy. Additionally, dumping and anti-dumping duties are used to counter unfair foreign pricing strategies. Concepts like the effective rate of protection and terms of trade play a crucial role in determining economic outcomes. In the context of global competition, protectionist policies and FDI interaction also shapes investment flows and strategic trade behavior.

Economic Growth and Development in India

Economic Growth and Development in India

Explore the concepts of economic growth and development, their definitions, determinants, and key differences. Understand how Indiaโ€™s economy has evolved over time, and the factors influencing sustainable economic progress.
State Planning and Markets in India

State Planning and Market Policy Choices in India

Learn about state planning versus market-based economic strategies, government interventions, planning mechanisms, and NEP reforms. Understand the role of policy choices in Indiaโ€™s economic development and challenges of market failures.
Economic Reforms in India

Economic Reforms in India: Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation

Understand Indiaโ€™s economic reforms since 1991, including liberalisation, privatisation, globalisation, and PPPs. Examine their impact on employment, economic growth, trade, and sectoral development in both urban and rural areas.
Growth of Indian Agriculture

Growth of Indian Agriculture and Agricultural Reforms

Analyze the evolution of Indian agriculture from 1950 to 2025, including productivity, pricing policies, investment patterns, credit availability, marketing systems, adoption of technology, and persistence of agricultural crises over time.
Industrialisation in India

Industrialisation and Economic Development in India

Explore the role of industrialisation in Indiaโ€™s economic development, including growth trends, structural changes, challenges faced by industries, ownership patterns, and prospects for sustainable industrial expansion in the Indian economy.
Services Sector in India

Services Sector in India: Growth, Composition & Exports

Gain insight into Indiaโ€™s services sector, its contribution to GDP, employment patterns, sectoral composition, and increasing role in export earnings. Covers IT, financial, tourism, and emerging service industries.
Poverty, Inequality and Inclusive Growth in India

Poverty, Inequality, and Inclusive Growth in India

Understand poverty, inequality, and inclusive growth in India. Study income and non-income indicators, measurement techniques, and policy implications aimed at promoting equitable economic development.
Employment in India

Employment in India: Labour Force, Unemployment & Policies

Explore labour force participation, unemployment dimensions, employment quality, and government policy frameworks. Learn about initiatives to create jobs, skill development programs, and strategies to reduce informal sector dependence.
Credit and Monetary Policy in India

Credit and Monetary Policy in India

Examine Indiaโ€™s credit and monetary policies, including RBIโ€™s monetary framework, instruments, objectives, transmission mechanisms, and policy lags. Understand the role of monetary policy in controlling inflation, growth, and financial stability.
Monetary Policy Instruments by RBI

Monetary Policy Instruments Used by RBI

Learn about key monetary policy instruments, including Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), repo and reverse repo rates, and open market operations. Understand their use in maintaining liquidity and controlling inflation in India.
RBI Refinance MSF and LAF

RBI Refinance, Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) & Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)

Understand how the Reserve Bank of India intervenes in money markets using Refinance, MSF, and LAF. Learn how these tools manage liquidity, stabilize the banking system, and influence interest rates.
Stock, Currency and Debt Markets in India

Stock, Currency and Debt Markets in India: Evolution & Reforms

Explore Indiaโ€™s stock, currency, and debt markets, focusing on reforms since the 1990s. Learn about SEBI, NSE, derivative markets, and structural changes that shaped Indiaโ€™s capital market and financial sector growth.
Public Finance and Fiscal Policy in India

Public Finance and Fiscal Policy in India

Examine public finance and fiscal policy in India, covering taxation reforms, government expenditure patterns, public debt, fiscal deficits, and challenges. Learn how fiscal policies influence economic stability, growth, and social development.

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