The cultural development in India from 1300 to 1500 was marked by the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, significant architectural advancements, and social and religious changes resulting from the interaction between the Turks and Indians. This period saw the emergence of new artistic and architectural styles, enriched by the fusion of Arabo-Persian and Indian traditions. Despite challenges, this era laid the groundwork for a diverse and vibrant cultural heritage in India.

Economic reasons for Babur's interest in Punjab.

• Kabul's meagre income was insufficient for Babur's army, with expenses often exceeding income in border territories.


• The historian Abul Fazl notes that Babur ruled over Badakhshan, Qandhar, and Kabul, which did not yield sufficient income for the army's requirements.


• In some border territories, the expense on controlling the armies and administration was greater than the income.


• With these meagre resources, Babur could not provide well for his begs and kinsmen, making India an attractive refuge and base for operations against the Uzbeks.

Babur's early victories in Punjab.

• In 1518-19, Babur conquered the powerful fort of Bhira, sending demands for territory to Daulat Khan and Ibrahim Lodi, which were ignored.


• Daulat Khan detained Babur’s envoy at Lahore, neither granting him audience nor allowing him to go to Ibrahim Lodi.


• When Babur returned to Kabul, Daulat Khan occupied Bhira and expelled Babur’s agents.


• In 1520-21, Babur once again crossed the Indus, easily capturing Bhira and Sialkot, the twin gateways to Hindustan.


• Lahore also capitulated to him, but Babur had to retrace his steps due to a revolt in Qandhar.


• After a siege of a year and a half, Babur recaptured Qandhar, turning his attention back to India.

Babur's final push to become the master of Punjab.

• In 1525, while at Peshawar, Babur learned of Daulat Khan's betrayal and his collection of an army of 30,000-40,000 men.


• Daulat Khan ousted Babur’s men from Sialkot and marched towards Lahore.


• At Babur’s approach, Daulat Khan's army melted away, leading to his submission and pardon.


• Within three weeks of crossing the Indus, Babur became the master of Punjab.