An in-depth examination of the historical importance of Malwa and Mewar during the 15th century, featuring key figures and events that shaped the region's political and cultural landscape.

Geographical Importance: A Gateway and a Buffer

Strategic location on the high plateau between the rivers Narmada and Tapti.

• Commanded trunk routes between Gujarat and northern India, as well as north and south India.
• Acted as a barrier to the ambitions of Gujarat, Mewar, the Bahmanis, and the Lodi sultans of Delhi.
• Control over Malwa was crucial for dominance over north India.

Height of Glory (15th Century): Mandu as the Jewel of Malwa

Flourished during the 15th century with its capital shifted from Dhar to Mandu.

• Mandu, known for its defensibility and natural beauty, became the new capital.
• Notable architectural works include the Jama Masjid, Hindola Mahal, and Jahaz Mahal.
• Mandu's architecture was massive, with a lofty plinth and extensive use of colored and glazed tiles.

Internal Dissensions: Weakening the Kingdom from Within

Persistent internal conflicts and power struggles weakened the kingdom.

• Frequent succession struggles and noble factions fighting for power and profit.
• Neighboring states like Gujarat and Mewar exploited this factionalism for their own advantage.

Policy of Religious Toleration: A Hallmark of Early Malwa Rulers

Adopted by early ruler Hushang Shah.

• Encouraged Rajputs to settle in Malwa, granting jagirs to prominent Rajputs like the elder brothers of Rana Mokal of Mewar.
• No restrictions on the construction of temples, as seen from the Lalitpur temple inscription.
• Patronized Jains, with notable figures like Nardeva Soni serving as treasurer and adviser.

Reign of Mahmud Khalji (1436-69): Military Campaigns and Temple Destruction

Most powerful ruler of Malwa, known for his military campaigns and temple destruction.

• Destroyed many temples during conflicts with Rana Kumbha of Mewar and neighboring Hindu rajas.
• Fought with rulers of Gujarat, Gondwana, Orissa, Bahmani sultans, and the sultan of Delhi.
• Focused energies on South Rajputana and attempts to subdue Mewar.

Rise of Mewar (15th Century): A Powerful Force in North India

An important factor in the political life of north India during the 15th century.

• Founded by Bapa Rawal of the Guihlot clan in the 7th century, migrated from Gujarat.
• Chittor, the capital, passed to the Sishodias after Alauddin Khalji ousted Ratan Singh.
• Rao Lakha and Mokal made Mewar the most powerful state in Rajasthan during the late 14th and early 15th centuries.

Reign of Rana Kumbha (1433-68):  Consolidation and Expansion

Elevated Mewar to a formidable power, consolidating and expanding its territories.

• Defeated internal rivals and renewed efforts for the conquest of Bundi, Kotah, and Dungarpur.
• Conflicted with Gujarat and Malwa, involving multiple military campaigns.
• Patron of arts and learning, composed books, and constructed notable structures like the Victory Tower (Kirti Stambha) at Chittor.

Conflict with Neighbors: Defending Mewar Against External Threats

Faced invasions and conflicts with Gujarat and Malwa, as well as the Rathors of Marwar.

• Despite pressures, Rana Kumbha maintained his position in Mewar, repelling multiple attacks.
• Notable conflicts include the besieging of Kumbhalgarh by Gujarat forces and raids by Mahmud Khalji.

Ascendancy of Rana Sanga (1508): A New Era for Mewar

Ascended the throne of Mewar after a long fratricidal conflict.

• Rapid internal disintegration of Malwa during this period.
• Rana Sanga defeated Mahmud II of Malwa in 1517, establishing overlordship over eastern Malwa.
• Defeated Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi at Khatoli, highlighting Mewar's rising power.
• Significant political developments in north India with Babur's impending arrival.