Akbar's ability to expand and maintain his empire relied heavily on a formidable military force. To achieve this, he reorganized both the nobility and the army through the innovative Mansabdari system.
- Every officer was assigned a rank (mansab), initially ranging from 10 to 5000 for nobles, later extended to 7000 by the end of Akbar’s reign.
- Princes and nobles of royal blood received higher mansabs, reflecting their status within the empire.
- By the fortieth year of Akbar's reign (1594-95), mansabs were divided into zat (personal status and salary) and sawar (number of cavalrymen to be maintained), ensuring a structured hierarchy.
- The system incentivized the recruitment of skilled cavalrymen, rigorously maintained through inspections and a descriptive roll (chehra) of each soldier.
- High-quality horses and elephants were crucial to the effectiveness of the cavalry and transport corps, classified and maintained according to rigorous standards.
- Periodic inspections were conducted to ensure the readiness and quality of troops, with horses branded with imperial marks under the dagh system.
Organization and Recruitment
- Mansabdars were required to maintain specific quotas of horses, elephants, camels, mules, and carts based on their rank, ensuring logistical readiness.
- Higher-ranking mansabdars received substantial salaries, motivating loyalty and dedication among the officer corps.
- Promotions within the system were merit-based, influenced by imperial favor, while demotions could serve as punitive measures.
- The recruitment policy aimed to foster a mixed contingent from diverse ethnic groups, promoting unity and reducing tribalism within the military ranks.
- In addition to cavalry, the military force included bowmen, musketeers (bandukchi), sappers, and miners, diversifying its capabilities.
- The salary structure varied, with cavalrymen (sawars) receiving higher pay than infantry, reflecting their specialized training and role in the army.
Legacy and Influence
- The Mansabdari system, unique to the Mughal Empire, evolved from Mongol military practices, adapting a decimal-based rank system from commanders of ten to ten thousand.
- It facilitated career progression based on talent and dedication, allowing individuals to rise through the ranks from lower positions to prestigious appointments.
- Despite its complexities, the system contributed significantly to the efficiency and strength of the Mughal military, focusing primarily on cavalry and elephants.
- The emphasis on quality control and logistical readiness ensured that the Mughal army remained a formidable force throughout Akbar's reign and beyond.
