The Marathas & Mughals: Rise of Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Conflict with Bijapur & Rise of Marathas

The Marathas held important positions in the administrative and military systems of Ahmadnagar and Bijapur.
Malik Ambar used them as loose auxiliaries in his army.
Influential Maratha families like the Mores, the Ghatages, and the Nimbalkars exercised local authority but did not have large states.
The credit for setting up a large state goes to Shahji Bhonsale and his son, Shivaji.

At the age of 18, Shivaji overran several hill forts near Poona—Rajgarh, Kondana, and Torna.
In 1647, with the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadeo, Shivaji gained full control of his father's jagir.
Shivaji's real career of conquest began in 1656 with the conquest of Javli from the Maratha chief Chandra Rao More.

The Mughal invasion of Bijapur in 1657 allowed Shivaji to evade Bijapuri reprisal.
Initially, Shivaji negotiated with Aurangzeb, but later made inroads into Mughal territories.
In 1659, Shivaji cleverly murdered Afzal Khan during a personal meeting, leading to the rout of Khan's leaderless army.

Shivaji's daring exploits made him a legendary figure, attracting people and Afghan mercenaries to his cause.
Shaista Khan, the new Mughal governor of the Deccan, invaded Shivaji's dominions and occupied Poona in 1660.
In 1663, Shivaji infiltrated Shaista Khan's camp in Poona and attacked him at night, killing his son and a captain.
In 1664, Shivaji attacked and looted Surat, the premier Mughal port, returning with substantial treasure.

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