Explore the intricate relations between the Mughal Empire and Persia, focusing on the strategic and economic importance of Qandhar, Shah Abbas's policies, and the Mughal response under Shah Jahan.

Persian Conquest of Qandahar and Mughal Responses: A Struggle for Strategic Control

• In 1649, Persians conquered Qandahar, dealing a blow to Shah Jahan's pride and prompting Mughal attempts to reclaim it.
• Aurangzeb led the first unsuccessful attack with 50,000 troops, defeating Persians outside the fort but failing to capture it.
• Subsequent attempts in 1652 and 1653 under Aurangzeb and Dara Shah Jahan also failed due to determined Persian resistance.
• Mughal failure at Qandahar demonstrated the fort's strength against medieval artillery and highlighted Shah Jahan's sentimental attachment to the city.
• Despite setbacks, Mughal prestige remained strong, evidenced by diplomatic exchanges with the Ottoman Empire seeking Aurangzeb's support.

Shah Abbas II and Mughal-Persian Tensions: Diplomatic Maneuvering and Shifting Power Dynamics

• In 1668, Shah Abbas II insulted the Mughal envoy, disparaged Aurangzeb, and threatened invasion, prompting Mughal military preparations.
• Before any action could occur, Shah Abbas II died, and subsequent Persian rulers posed no significant threat to Mughal territories.
• Mughal strategic frontier based on the Hindukush with Qandahar as an outer bastion successfully defended India against foreign invasions for a long period.
• Despite setbacks over Qandahar, Mughal foreign policy emphasized diplomatic relations and equal footing with major Asian powers like the Safavids and Ottomans.
• Kabul and Qandahar remained crucial gateways for India's trade with Central Asia, promoting Mughal commercial interests.

Legacy and Historical Significance: Securing the Northwest Frontier and Maintaining Regional Dominance

• The Mughals maintained a secure northwest frontier based on strategic defense principles, safeguarding India from external threats.
• Diplomatic ties with Persia and other Asian powers were instrumental in ensuring Mughal dominance and promoting commercial interests.
• Mughal foreign policy underlined equality with regional powers and strategic defense, effectively securing India's borders.
• Qandahar's significance declined over time, yet its defense symbolized Mughal strength despite periodic setbacks.
• The era marked a peak in Mughal power and prestige, with diplomatic overtures from the Ottoman Empire underscoring Aurangzeb's authority.