Rise of Malik Ambar and Frustration of Mughal. Attempt at Consolidation. Formation of Murtaza Nizam Shah II. Consolidation and Conflict. Continued Resistance and Decline. Administrative Reforms
Malik Ambar's Resistance
The rise of Malik Ambar after the fall of Ahmadnagar was a significant challenge to Mughal power in the Deccan. His leadership, administrative reforms, and alliances with Marathas, Bijapur, and Golconda highlight his role in resisting Mughal expansion. This topic is highly relevant for students preparing for Indian history and competitive exams.
Malik Ambar’s Resistance to Mughal Expansion in the Deccan (1600–1626)
After Ahmadnagar’s fall, Malik Ambar emerged as a central figure resisting Mughal expansion.
The Deccan was expected to collapse, but Malik Ambar revived Ahmadnagar’s fortunes through strategy and alliances.
(i) He rose from servitude under Changez Khan to lead resistance.
(ii) Initially associated with Bijapur, he returned to oppose Mughals.
(iii) His role became crucial after the decline of Chand Bibi.
Formation of Murtaza Nizam Shah II and Rise of Malik Ambar
Malik Ambar established Murtaza Nizam Shah II as ruler, strengthening the Ahmadnagar state.
Malik Ambar as Peshwa
(i) Ambar became Peshwa, effectively controlling the state.
(ii) He recruited Maratha troops skilled in guerrilla warfare.
(iii) His forces expelled Mughals from Berar, Balaghat, and Ahmadnagar after Akbar’s death.
Alliances and Support
(a) Allied with Bijapur to strengthen resistance.
(b) Even Khan-i-Khanan temporarily allied with him after initial defeats.
Consolidation and Conflict in the Deccan
Ambar’s successes and arrogance led to shifting alliances and renewed Mughal campaigns.
Conflicts with the Mughals
(i) By 1610, Ambar forced Khan-i-Khanan to retreat.
(ii) Prince Parvez failed, forcing a humiliating treaty on the Mughals.
(iii) Ambar’s arrogance alienated allies, giving the Mughals an opportunity.
Defeat in 1616
(a) In 1616, the Mughals defeated the combined armies of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda.
(b) Jahangir pursued stability rather than aggressive conquest after this.
Continued Resistance and Decline
Despite major setbacks, Ambar resisted until his final years.
Ambar’s Final Years
(i) Submitted in 1618 but resumed fighting soon after.
(ii) Defeated again in 1620, losing key territories.
(iii) Internal rivalries among Deccani states further weakened resistance.
(iv) Ambar died in 1626, ending an era of fierce Deccan opposition to the Mughals.
Administrative Reforms of Malik Ambar
Ambar’s reforms strengthened the Nizam Shahi state and left a lasting legacy.
Revenue and Administrative Reforms
(i) Introduced Todar Mal’s revenue system for efficient taxation.
(ii) Improved revenue collection and land assessment.
(iii) Recovered territories during Prince Khurram’s rebellion.
(iv) Despite reforms, Ahmadnagar eventually fell to Shah Jahan.
Summary of Malik Ambar’s Resistance to Mughals
The career of Malik Ambar (1600–1626) illustrates the Deccan’s resistance to Mughal expansion. His use of Maratha guerrilla tactics, administrative reforms, and shifting alliances delayed Mughal consolidation for decades. His story is vital for students as it highlights both Mughal-Deccan conflicts and the early role of Marathas in resisting imperial rule.
