Explore the Poligars' Revolt of 1795-1805, a significant resistance movement in South India against British rule. Learn about key figures like Kattabomman Nayakan, the phases of rebellion, and the eventual suppression of the uprising.
Poligars’ Revolt in South India (1795–1805)
The Poligars’ Revolt (1795–1805) was a significant uprising in South India against the British East India Company. Led by brave leaders like Kattabomman Nayakan and Oomathurai, it marked early resistance to colonial rule. Key centres included Tinneveli, Ramanathapuram, and Madurai. Understanding this uprising is essential for students of Indian history and competitive exams as it highlights poligars’ struggle, regional resistance, and political significance.
Poligars’ Revolt in South India (1795–1805): Resistance Against the British East India Company
Overview of the Revolt:
(i) The poligars (or palayakkarargal) of South India resisted the British between 1795 and 1805.
(ii) Main centres of the uprisings included Tinneveli (or Thirunelveli), Ramanathapuram, Sivaganga, Sivagiri, Madurai, and North Arcot.
(iii) The conflict originated in 1781 when the Nawab of Arcot handed over control of Tinneveli and the Carnatic Provinces to the East India Company, causing resentment among the poligars.
Initial Revolt and Key Figures in the Poligars’ Uprising
The first phase of the revolt was led by Kattabomman Nayakan, whose resistance inspired wider rebellion against colonial authority.
Leadership of Kattabomman Nayakan
(i) Led the insurrection between 1795 and 1799 from Panjalankurichi.
(ii) After initial victories against the Company forces, a bounty was placed on his head, intensifying the revolt.
(iii) Fled to the Pudukottai forests but was betrayed by Ettappan, the Raja of Pudukottai, leading to his capture and execution.
Second Phase of Rebellion: Poligar Resistance
The rebellion continued under Oomathurai and allied forces, highlighting the sustained regional opposition to the British.
Leadership of Oomathurai and Allied Forces
(i) In February 1801, imprisoned poligars escaped from Palamcotta and captured forts including Tuticorin.
(ii) Joined by the ‘Marudus’ led by Marathu Pandian.
(iii) Rebellion suppressed by October 1801, with the fort of Panjalankurichi destroyed.
Later Rebellions and Outcome of the Poligars’ Revolt
The final phase saw widespread uprisings in North Arcot and other areas, eventually suppressed by the British.
North Arcot Rebellion (1803–1805)
(i) Poligars of North Arcot rebelled over loss of their right to collect kaval fees.
(ii) Led by the poligar of Yedaragunta and dispossessed poligar of Charagallu.
(iii) Rebels were subdued by February 1805; some chiefs resided in Madras while others were granted allowances.
(iv) The revolt spread across South India, demonstrating resistance against foreign domination.
Summary: Poligars’ Revolt (1795–1805)
The Poligars’ Revolt (1795–1805) represents a critical early struggle against the British East India Company in South India. Leaders like Kattabomman Nayakan and Oomathurai exemplified courage and regional unity in resisting colonial authority. The revolt, spanning centres like Tinneveli, Madurai, and North Arcot, is a key topic for students of Indian history, illustrating the evolution of organized resistance prior to the formation of larger nationalist movements.
