Parliamentary Committee, Constitutional Provisions (Art 343-351), and Classical Languages in India
The Official Language Act, 1963 serves as the cornerstone for the legal framework of Hindi in Union administration, ensuring a seamless transition and sustained growth of Indian linguistic policies. By establishing the Parliamentary Committee on Official Language, the state created a robust mechanism for monitoring language provisions, which remains a vital topic for UPSC aspirants and students preparing for competitive examinations. Additionally, the evolution of classical language recognition highlights India's commitment to its rich ancient literary heritage.
Official Language Act 1963 and the Evolution of Classical Language Status
A legislative journey towards linguistic integration and administrative clarity.
The story of India’s official language policy is one of balancing tradition with administrative necessity. The Official Language Act, 1963 was not just a law but a vision to institutionalize the review of Hindi’s progress within the Union's executive framework.
(i) The Act mandated that ten years after the enforcement of the constitutional provisions on 26 January 1965, a dedicated committee must be formed.
(ii) Following this legal requirement, the Committee on Official Language was formally constituted in the year 1976 to oversee these national objectives.
(iii) This structure ensures that the linguistic landscape of India remains dynamic and inclusive of the Union's administrative needs.
Committee on Official Language: Provisions and Organizational Structure
The Committee functions as a high-powered parliamentary body tasked with the heavy responsibility of reviewing how the Union communicates.
Comprehensive Composition of the Committee
To ensure democratic representation in language policy, the Committee is composed of members from both houses of the Indian Parliament, reflecting a cross-section of political and regional perspectives.
(i) Total strength consists of 30 Members of Parliament who provide the legislative oversight needed for such a sensitive topic.
(ii) 20 members are elected from the Lok Sabha, ensuring the lower house's significant involvement in policy review.
(iii) 10 members are elected from the Rajya Sabha, representing the states' interests in the Union's language progress.
(iv) The selection process is rigorous, utilizing proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote system to ensure fairness.
Primary Functions and the Role of the President
The Committee’s primary duty is to act as the eyes and ears of the President of India regarding the implementation of Hindi as an official language.
(i) The core objective is to review the progress of Hindi across various Union administrative spheres.
(ii) Upon completion of its review, the Committee submits a detailed report with specific recommendations directly to the President of India.
(iii) The President then ensures the report reaches both Houses of Parliament and is circulated to all State Governments for transparency.
(iv) Crucially, the President possesses the authority to issue binding directions based on these recommendations to ensure the Official Language Act is followed.
Operational Methods and the Secretariat’s Support
The Committee employs a variety of methods to ensure its reviews are not just theoretical but grounded in the practical administrative reality of the country.
Leadership and On-site Inspections
(i) The Chairman of the Committee is elected by its members; historically, the Union Home Minister has filled this role to lend the body high-level executive weight.
(ii) The body utilizes inspections of Central Government offices to gauge the actual usage of Hindi in daily operations.
(iii) It operates through three sub-committees, each assigned specific Ministries or Departments to ensure a granular level of review.
Expert Evidence and Departmental Coordination
(i) The Committee seeks oral evidence from experts in the fields of judiciary, education, and administration to understand the impact of language policies.
(ii) The Secretariat, led by a Secretary, operates under the Department of Official Language within the Ministry of Home Affairs.
(iii) Support staff, including Under Secretaries, provide the necessary administrative and research backbone for the Committee's periodic reports.
The Prestigious Status of Classical Languages in India
Beyond the administrative use of language, the Government of India recognizes the deep cultural and historical roots of its various tongues through the "Classical" designation.
Origins and Declared Languages
In 2004, the Government of India introduced the category of Classical Languages to honor those with a distinct and original literary tradition.
(i) Tamil was the first to receive this honor in 2004, followed by Sanskrit in 2005.
(ii) Telugu and Kannada were both awarded the status in 2008, recognizing their ancient Dravidian roots.
(iii) The list expanded with Malayalam in 2013 and Odia in 2014, totaling six languages under this prestigious banner.
Rigorous Criteria for Classical Recognition
A language cannot be declared classical without meeting strict historical and literary benchmarks notified in 2006.
(i) It must possess high antiquity, with recorded history or texts spanning 1,500 to 2,000 years.
(ii) The existence of ancient literature that is considered a valuable heritage by the speaker community is mandatory.
(iii) The literary tradition must be original and not derived or borrowed from any other linguistic community.
(iv) While modern versions may differ, the classical form must be distinct enough to represent the language’s original brilliance.
Benefits Awarded to Classical Languages
Recognition as a Classical Language brings with it significant financial and academic incentives to ensure the language thrives for future generations.
(i) The Union provides funding for the establishment of centres of excellence dedicated to the study and preservation of the language.
(ii) Eminent scholars in the field are eligible for national awards in recognition of their contributions to the classical literary tradition.
(iii) The UGC is empowered to create professional chairs in Central Universities specifically for researchers and students of these languages.
Constitutional Overview: Articles Related to Official Language
The Constitution of India provides a detailed roadmap for language use across the Union, the States, and the Judiciary.
Union and Regional Legal Framework
Articles 343 to 347 lay the groundwork for how the Union and States communicate internally and with each other.
(a) Article 343: Defines the official language of the Union.
(b) Article 344: Governs the formation of the Commission and Committee on Official Language.
(c) Article 345: Empowers States to choose their own official languages.
(d) Article 346: Regulates communication between different States and between a State and the Union.
(e) Article 347: Provides special protections for linguistic minorities within a State.
Judiciary, Legislation, and Special Directives
Specific articles ensure that the legal system and minority rights are protected through clear linguistic directives.
(i) Article 348: Prescribes the language to be used in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and for Acts/Bills.
(ii) Article 349: Outlines the special procedure for enacting laws relating to language.
(iii) Article 350: Protects the right to use any language in representations for grievances.
(iv) Article 350A & 350B: Mandates mother-tongue education and the appointment of a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities.
(v) Article 351: Sets a Special Directive for the Union to develop and spread the Hindi language.
Significance and Summary of Indian Language Provisions
Understanding the Official Language Act, 1963 and the criteria for Classical Languages is essential for understanding India’s constitutional morality. For students, these provisions illustrate how the state manages linguistic diversity while maintaining administrative unity. By studying Articles 343–351, one gains a comprehensive view of the language provisions that continue to shape the Indian Union today.
