Judiciary in India | UPSC Polity Notes

Supreme Court of India

The Constitution of India, under Part V (Articles 124 to 147), lays down the framework, powers, jurisdiction, and structure of the Supreme Court. It establishes the Supreme Court as the guardian of the Constitution, protector of fundamental rights, and the highest authority of judicial review in India.

Judicial Review

Judicial Review in India is the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to examine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions. Rooted in Articles 13, 32, 136, and 226, this doctrine ensures that laws violating fundamental rights or the basic structure of the Constitution are struck down. The Supreme Court, under Part V (Articles 124–147), acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution, safeguarding democracy, federalism, and the rule of law through judicial review.

Judicial Activism

Judicial Activism in India refers to the proactive role played by the judiciary in protecting fundamental rights, expanding the scope of justice, and filling legislative or executive gaps. Rooted in the powers of the Supreme Court and High Courts under Articles 32 and 226, judicial activism has developed largely through Public Interest Litigations (PILs). It has strengthened democracy, social justice, and good governance by ensuring that constitutional principles are upheld beyond a narrow interpretation of the law.

High Courts in India - Structure and Role

High Courts in India – Structure, Articles, and Constitutional Role

High Courts in India are the highest judicial bodies at the state level, functioning under Articles 214–231 of the Constitution. They serve as Court of Record, protect Fundamental Rights, supervise subordinate courts, and act as guardians of justice and constitutional provisions. Essential for UPSC Polity Judiciary preparation.

High Court Powers and Jurisdiction – Functions and Authority

The High Court Powers and Jurisdiction include original, appellate, and writ jurisdiction. They can issue writs under Article 226, interpret the Constitution, and ensure judicial review over state laws. Key for understanding Indian Judiciary, UPSC Polity, and Civil Services Exam preparation.

Subordinate Courts – District and Lower Judiciary in India

Subordinate Courts operate under the supervision of High Courts and include District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrate Courts. They handle civil and criminal matters at the district level, ensuring access to justice for citizens. Essential for UPSC Polity Judiciary preparation.

Lok Adalats – Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism

Lok Adalats are statutory forums under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 to resolve disputes through conciliation and compromise. Awards are binding and enforceable like a Civil Court decree. Important for Judiciary in India, ADR, and UPSC Polity topics.

Family Courts and Gram Nyayalayas – Grassroot Justice System

Family Courts provide speedy settlement of matrimonial and family disputes, while Gram Nyayalayas, set up under the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008, deliver inexpensive justice at the village level. Both aim to strengthen the judicial system at grassroots. Key for UPSC Polity Judiciary preparation.

Judiciary in India including its structure, functions, powers, and role in upholding the Constitution. Important for UPSC and other competitive exams.