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Local Government in Indian Constitution covering Panchayati Raj (Articles 243-243_O) and Municipalities (Articles 243P-243ZG). Important UPSC Polity notes for GS2 and other competitive exams.

Local Government covering Panchayati Raj (Articles 243-243_O) and Municipalities (Articles 243P-243ZG)

Panchayati Raj System in India – Local Self-Government

The Panchayati Raj System in India represents the foundation of local self-government, empowering villages with democratic decision-making. Established through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, it provides a three-tier structure – Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, and Zila Parishad. A crucial topic for UPSC Polity, it reflects grassroots democracy and inclusive governance in India.

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 – Panchayati Raj Reform

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj Institutions, ensuring decentralized governance. It added Part IX to the Constitution, mandated regular elections, and reserved seats for women, SCs, and STs. This landmark reform is key for UPSC Polity and represents a turning point in India’s democratic framework.

Finances of Panchayati Raj in India – Local Governance Funding

The finances of Panchayati Raj Institutions determine their effectiveness in delivering rural development. Sources include state grants, central assistance, local taxes, and Finance Commission recommendations. Understanding PRIs’ financial autonomy and challenges is crucial for UPSC Polity & Governance, as it reflects the strength of grassroots democracy in India’s federal system.

PESA Act 1996 – Panchayati Raj in Scheduled Areas

The PESA Act 1996 extends the Panchayati Raj system to India’s Scheduled Areas, protecting the rights of tribal communities. It empowers Gram Sabhas with authority over natural resources, local planning, and cultural traditions. A high-value topic for UPSC Polity & Governance, PESA ensures decentralized democracy in tribal regions of India.

Evolution of Municipalities in India – Historical Development

The Evolution of Municipalities in India traces the growth of urban governance from the British colonial era to the 74th Constitutional Amendment. It highlights milestones such as Lord Ripon’s Resolution of 1882 and gradual reforms that shaped modern municipal institutions. Important for UPSC, it shows how local self-government evolved in urban India.

74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 – Urban Local Government

The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 gave constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) like Municipalities, Corporations, and Nagar Panchayats. It strengthened urban self-government, ensured decentralization of power, and provided functional autonomy. Essential for UPSC Polity, it explains how democracy and citizen participation operate in India’s cities and towns.

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