Formation and Composition of the Constituent Assembly of India

The Formation and Composition of the Constituent Assembly of India marked a turning point in India’s constitutional journey. Emerging through decades of nationalist demands and British negotiations, this institution laid the foundation for India’s sovereign democratic republic. From M.N. Roy’s 1934 proposal to the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946, the evolution of the Assembly reveals the determined efforts of Indian leaders to create a Constitution by Indians and for Indians. Understanding its origin and structure is highly valuable for students and civil service aspirants studying modern Indian polity and constitution-making.

Formation and Composition of the Constituent Assembly of India: Historical Background and Structural Framework (1934–1946)

The idea of a Constituent Assembly originated from intellectual and political demands for self-rule and matured through successive phases of negotiation with the British government.
The journey of the Constituent Assembly began long before its actual formation. It reflected India’s rising political consciousness and determination to shape its own destiny through an indigenous Constitution.
- (i) The concept was first articulated in 1934 by M.N. Roy, emphasizing a democratic framework free from colonial dominance.
- (ii) The Indian National Congress (INC) adopted this demand in 1935, officially calling for an Assembly that would frame an independent Constitution.
- (iii) Later, in 1938, Jawaharlal Nehru asserted that India’s Constitution must be framed by an assembly elected on the basis of adult suffrage without external interference.
British Response and Constitutional Proposals (1940–1946)

The British response to Indian demands evolved through several official statements and missions during World War II, reflecting a gradual acknowledgment of India’s constitutional aspirations.
- The August Offer and Cripps Mission
  
  The August Offer (1940) was the first formal British recognition of India’s right to frame its Constitution. Later, the Cripps Mission of 1942 sought to implement this principle through a post-war plan.
  - (i) The August Offer marked a significant shift, as Britain accepted the idea of Indians drafting their own Constitution.
  - (ii) In 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps arrived with a draft proposal promising full dominion status and a future Constituent Assembly.
  - (iii) However, the Muslim League rejected the proposal, demanding two separate Constituent Assemblies to represent different communities.
- Cabinet Mission Plan Proposal
  
  The Cabinet Mission (1946) represented the final British attempt to unite India through a single constitutional framework before independence.
  - (a) It dismissed the idea of multiple assemblies proposed earlier by the Muslim League.
  - (b) It proposed a unified Constituent Assembly with representatives from both British India and princely states.
  - (c) The plan became the basis for the actual formation of the Constituent Assembly in November 1946.
Structure under the Cabinet Mission Plan (November 1946)

The Cabinet Mission Plan provided a detailed blueprint for the Assembly’s composition, ensuring representation from across British India and princely states.
- Composition and Representation
  
  The Constituent Assembly was designed as a broadly representative body that reflected India’s political diversity and federal character.
  - (i) Total Membership: 389 members — 296 from British India and 93 from princely states.
  - (ii) Provincial Representation: Of the 296 British Indian seats, 292 were from Governor’s Provinces and 4 from Chief Commissioner’s Provinces.
  - (iii) Population Basis: Seats were distributed in proportion to population — roughly one seat per million people.
  - (iv) Community Division: Seats were divided among General, Muslim, and Sikh categories.
  - (v) Election Method: Representatives were elected by Provincial Legislative Assemblies through proportional representation by single transferable vote.
  - (vi) Princely State Members: Appointed by their respective rulers.
Nature and Election Results (1946)

The Assembly combined both elected and nominated members, representing the complex political realities of pre-independence India.
- Partly Elected and Partly Nominated Structure
  
  The Constituent Assembly was not a fully directly elected body; it emerged through a system that balanced regional and communal representation.
  - (i) It was a partly elected and partly nominated institution.
  - (ii) Members were indirectly elected by provincial assemblies with a limited franchise.
- Election Results of 1946
  
  The July–August 1946 elections determined the Assembly’s composition, reflecting India’s political divisions on the eve of independence.
  - (a) Indian National Congress secured 208 seats.
  - (b) Muslim League won 73 seats.
  - (c) Smaller parties and independents accounted for 15 seats, while 93 seats from princely states remained initially vacant.
Diversity and Representation in the Assembly

Although not elected by universal adult franchise, the Constituent Assembly embodied the plural essence of Indian society.
- Inclusive Representation
  
  The Assembly represented a cross-section of India’s population, giving voice to diverse social, religious, and regional groups.
  - (i) Members included Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Parsis, Anglo-Indians, Indian Christians, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and women from all communities.
  - (ii) Nearly every leading figure of the Indian freedom movement participated, except Mahatma Gandhi.
Summary: Importance of the Constituent Assembly’s Formation

The Formation and Composition of the Constituent Assembly of India reflected the nation’s transition from colonial subjugation to constitutional democracy. Through the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946), Indian leaders secured a legitimate platform to design a Constitution for an independent India. For students of polity and history, this topic highlights the synthesis of political struggle, inclusivity, and vision that shaped modern India’s democratic foundation.

Constituent Assembly of India Formation Working Committees Enactment

Constituent Assembly of India: Historical Demands and Structural Composition