Indian National Movement (1885-1915): INC Formation to Gandhi's Arrival

Factors in the Growth of Modern Nationalism

Factors in the Growth of Modern Indian Nationalism

The rise of modern Indian nationalism was driven by social, political, and economic developments. Western education, press, socio-religious reform movements, and British exploitation united Indians under a common cause. These factors laid the foundation of India’s freedom struggle and remain an important theme in UPSC Modern History.

Political Associations Before the Indian National Congress

Before the formation of the INC, early political associations such as the Indian Association, Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, and Bombay Presidency Association shaped India’s political awakening. These organizations reflected Western education’s influence and created unity in diversity. A key topic in UPSC Modern Indian History preparation.

Pre-Congress Campaigns – Political Awakening Before 1885

The Pre-Congress campaigns included petitions, demands for representation, and awareness drives by educated Indians. These activities prepared the ground for the creation of the Indian National Congress. Understanding this phase helps students analyze the roots of nationalist politics for UPSC History.

Foundation of the Indian National Congress – Safety Valve Debate

The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume and Indian leaders. Debates continue whether it acted as a ‘safety valve’ for British interests or a genuine platform for Indian aspirations. This forms a vital part of UPSC Modern Indian History.

Era of Moderates (1885–1905) – Early Nationalist Phase

The Era of Moderates (1885–1905) marked the first phase of the Indian National Congress. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and M.G. Ranade demanded reforms through petitions and dialogues. This gradualist approach is important for UPSC Prelims and Mains Modern Indian History.

Contributions of Moderate Nationalists – Early Indian Leaders

The Moderate nationalists contributed by exposing the economic drain, promoting constitutional reforms, and advocating civil rights. Their emphasis on gradual change laid the base for later movements. Their achievements and limitations are crucial for UPSC Modern Indian History notes and exam-oriented analysis.

Evaluation of Early Nationalists – Achievements & Limitations

The early nationalist leaders created a foundation for political consciousness, but their reliance on petitions limited mass appeal. Evaluating their strengths and weaknesses helps understand India’s political evolution. This is an expected theme in UPSC Modern Indian History Mains questions.

Growth of Militant Nationalism – Assertive Phase of Indian Politics

The Growth of Militant Nationalism (1905 onwards) saw leaders like Lal-Bal-Pal advocating self-reliance, swadeshi, and aggressive methods. This phase contrasted with moderate politics and responded to British repression. Essential for UPSC Modern History, it explains the assertive shift in India’s freedom struggle.

Swadeshi & Boycott Movement – Partition of Bengal (1905)

The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement emerged after the Partition of Bengal (1905). It focused on promoting indigenous goods, boycotting foreign products, and mobilizing students and women. This mass movement strengthened nationalism and is a vital topic in UPSC GS1 Modern Indian History.

Annulment of Partition & Analysis of Swadeshi Movement

The Annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911 marked a turning point in Indian politics. Though the Swadeshi Movement achieved partial success, it exposed divisions within the Congress. A critical analysis of this phase is important for UPSC Modern History examinations.

Surat Split (1907) – Clash Between Moderates & Extremists

The Surat Split of 1907 highlighted ideological differences within the Indian National Congress. Moderates and Extremists clashed over strategies for achieving self-rule. This division weakened unity but shaped future strategies. A significant topic for UPSC Modern Indian History preparation.

Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) – Indian Councils Act & Impact

The Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909) introduced separate electorates and expanded legislative councils. While offering limited representation, it deepened communal divisions. These reforms are crucial for UPSC GS1 & GS2, linking constitutional development with colonial strategies.

Era of Militant Nationalism (1905–1909) – Radical Nationalist Phase

The Era of Militant Nationalism (1905–1909) reflected India’s radical response to repression. Leaders encouraged swadeshi, boycott, and self-reliance, moving beyond moderate petitions. This assertive phase is repeatedly asked in UPSC Modern Indian History Prelims & Mains due to its impact on future mass movements.

First Phase of Revolutionary Activities in India (1907–1917)

The surge of revolutionary activities in early 20th century India reflected growing frustration with British repression and the limits of moderate politics. This phase highlights causes, secret societies, and youth participation. An important topic for UPSC Prelims and Modern Indian History GS1.

Survey of Extremist Revolutionary Movements in Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab

Revolutionary activities in Bengal, Maharashtra, and Punjab gave rise to militant nationalism. Secret organizations, armed struggles, and notable leaders shaped the movement. Essential for UPSC History preparation, this period illustrates the regional spread of extremism beyond the Congress-led mainstream politics.

Revolutionary Activities Abroad and the Singapore Mutiny of 1915

Indian revolutionaries abroad, especially in Europe and America, organized propaganda and conspiracies against British rule. The Singapore Mutiny of 1915 reflected global dimensions of India’s freedom struggle. Key for UPSC Prelims and GS1 Modern History syllabus.

Ghadr Movement and the Komagata Maru Incident (1914–1915)

The Ghadr Movement, launched by expatriate Indians in North America, aimed to overthrow British rule. The Komagata Maru Incident exposed racial discrimination and became a rallying cry for revolutionaries. This episode is significant in UPSC History and GS1 preparation.

Indian Nationalist Response to the First World War (1914–1918)

During World War I, Indian leaders supported Britain hoping for political concessions. Soldiers fought abroad while revolutionaries sought to exploit the war for independence. This dual response is a vital part of UPSC GS1 and Modern Indian History studies.

Home Rule League Movement of Tilak and Annie Besant (1916)

The Home Rule League Movement demanded self-government for India on lines of dominion status. Led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant, it revitalized nationalist politics. A key event for UPSC Modern History preparation.

Lucknow Session of Congress and Muslim League Pact (1916)

The Lucknow Session of 1916 witnessed unity between Congress moderates, extremists, and the Muslim League. It was a landmark in Hindu-Muslim cooperation and nationalist politics. A highly important event for UPSC Prelims and GS1.

Montagu’s Declaration of 1917 – Promise of Self-Government

In August 1917, Edwin Montagu’s declaration promised gradual development of self-governing institutions in India. This policy shift marked Britain’s official commitment towards constitutional reforms. A must-know for UPSC Modern History GS1.

Covers all the topics of Modern Indian History from the perspective of civil services preparation.