Evolution from GATT to WTO, multilateral trade rules, Uruguay Round outcomes, Doha programme and grouping of WTO agreements. Essential for UPSC and competitive exams.

The World Trade Organisation (WTO) serves as a cornerstone for international trade regulation, ensuring that countries operate under a multilateral framework established post-Second World War. It provides clear rules and agreements governing the exchange of goods, services, and intellectual property rights (IPR), making it a crucial reference for students and exam preparation in the field of international trade policies.

World Trade Organisation (WTO): Evolution of International Trade Policy from 1947 to 1995

• The foundation and evolution of a structured international trade system

  Trade and industry thrive on stability, but in volatile global conditions, countries must follow a unified set of rules. The WTO agreements provide this framework, guiding nations in the formulation and conduct of international trade policies.

  • (i) Trade instability hinders strategic planning and growth in industries across nations.
  • (ii) Countries collaborated post-Second World War to create a multilateral system for trade governance.
  • (iii) The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947) laid down the foundational rules for cross-border exchange of goods.

• Early International Trade Framework: GATT and Its Negotiation Rounds

  The creation of a multilateral trade framework began with detailed negotiations to liberalize trade under GATT. These negotiations were organized in rounds, each addressing trade barriers and regulations.

  • Multilateral Trade Negotiation (MTN) Rounds

    The MTN rounds under GATT provided successive platforms for countries to discuss trade liberalization and regulations, shaping the rules that govern international commerce today.

    • (i) Geneva (1947) – Initiation of multilateral trade discussions.
    • (ii) Annecy (1948) – Early adjustments in tariffs and trade norms.
    • (iii) Torquay (1950) – Further liberalization of import and export protocols.
    • (iv) Geneva (1956) – Consolidation of trade rules.
    • (v) Dillon (1960–1961) – Addressed emerging trade challenges post-independence movements.
    • (vi) Kennedy (1964–1967) – Focused on reducing tariffs globally.
    • (vii) Tokyo (1973–1979) – Comprehensive review of trade restrictions.
    • (viii) Uruguay (1986–1994) – Led to formation of WTO.

  • Doha Work Programme

    Launched in Doha, 2001, the Doha Work Programme continues negotiations in the spirit of MTNs, covering issues as extensive and detailed as previous rounds without being formally labeled as MTN.

    • (a) Focuses on further trade liberalization and resolving new trade issues.
    • (b) Ensures continuity of multilateral trade discussion post-Uruguay Round.
    • (c) Supports developing countries in integrating into the global trade framework.

• WTO Formation and Expanded Trade Framework

  The WTO, formed in 1995, expanded the GATT framework by including services and intellectual property rights, creating a comprehensive structure for international trade regulation.

  • WTO Structure and Agreements

    The WTO subsumes GATT entirely and incorporates new areas, ensuring a broader regulatory environment.

    • (i) GATT 1994: Covers original GATT rules, amendments, and decisions.
    • (ii) GATS: Governs international trade in services.
    • (iii) TRIPS: Regulates intellectual property rights affecting global trade.
    • (iv) DSU: Dispute Settlement Understanding ensures enforcement of obligations.

  • Implementation and Compliance Mechanism

    The member governments of the WTO are responsible for applying these agreements. In case of perceived violations, only governments—not private firms—can file complaints, initiating a structured dispute settlement process.

    • (a) Provides accountability and structured resolution of trade disputes.
    • (b) Ensures uniform application of trade rules globally.
    • (c) Strengthens predictability and stability in international trade.

• Importance of WTO for International Trade and Students

  The WTO framework is crucial for maintaining stability in global trade, covering goods, services, and intellectual property. Understanding its evolution from GATT 1947 to WTO 1995 is essential for students preparing for exams in economics, commerce, or international relations.