Swarajists' Manifesto to Jinnah's 14 Points (1923-1929)

Swarajists versus No-Changers – Congress Internal Debate

The split between Swarajists and No-Changers after the Non-Cooperation Movement reflected contrasting strategies within the Congress. While Swarajists sought entry into legislatures, No-Changers focused on constructive work. This internal conflict shaped the political course of the 1920s and is a crucial theme for UPSC Modern Indian History.

Swarajist Manifesto – Political Agenda and Elections

The Swarajist Manifesto outlined a strategy to obstruct colonial governance from within the legislatures. Their focus on councils, debates, and public mobilization became central to the nationalist struggle. Understanding this document is key for UPSC Prelims and GS1 Modern History preparation on constitutional politics.

No-Changers and Constructive Work for National Movement

The No-Changers emphasized constructive programmes like promotion of khadi, Hindu-Muslim unity, national education, and social reform. Their grassroots approach aimed at strengthening Indian society against colonial rule. This ideology highlights the broader vision of the Congress beyond elections, vital for UPSC Mains analysis.

Socialism, Youth Movements and Rise of Trade Unionism

The 1920s witnessed new currents like socialism, youth organizations, and trade unions. These forces challenged colonial exploitation and gave radical dimensions to nationalism. For UPSC Modern History, studying these movements explains the widening base of Indian struggle beyond Congress politics.

Revolutionary Activities in India during the 1920s

The decade of 1920s saw revival of revolutionary movements with armed groups operating in Bengal, Punjab, and United Provinces. Underground networks, secret societies, and daring acts highlighted the militant phase of freedom struggle. These developments remain an important topic for UPSC History.

Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925 – Train Robbery by Revolutionaries

The Kakori Conspiracy of 1925 involved a daring train robbery by Hindustan Republican Association revolutionaries. It aimed at raising funds and inspiring resistance against colonial rule. The trial and executions became legendary, making this event a crucial case study for UPSC Modern History.

Chittagong Armoury Raid 1930 – Surya Sen’s Leadership

The Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) led by Surya Sen was one of the most dramatic acts of revolution. The raid demonstrated determination of Indian youth for freedom through armed resistance. This bold episode is significant for UPSC GS1 History and freedom struggle analysis.

Revolutionary Movements in Punjab, United Provinces and Bihar

The spread of revolutionary activity in Punjab, UP, and Bihar showcased growing unrest against British colonialism. Secret groups and militant leaders inspired the masses, contributing to the nationwide struggle. These episodes form essential reading for UPSC Modern History aspirants.

New Revolutionary Phase in Bengal during 1920s-30s

Bengal witnessed a new wave of revolutionary activities in the late 1920s and early 1930s, with secret organizations and radical youth challenging colonial authority. This intensified struggle is vital for UPSC History optional and Modern India study.

Simon Commission Appointment and Nationwide Protests

The Simon Commission (1927), appointed by the British without Indian representation, triggered massive protests across India. The slogan “Simon Go Back” echoed nationwide. Studying this commission is critical for UPSC Prelims and GS1 Modern History answers on constitutional reforms.

Impact of Simon Commission Recommendations in India

The Simon Commission recommendations included provincial autonomy but ignored key nationalist demands. Its proposals deepened discontent and paved way for drafting Indian alternatives. This makes it an important theme for UPSC Modern Indian History.

Nehru Report 1928 – First Indian Draft Constitution

The Nehru Report was India’s first attempt at framing a constitution, proposing dominion status, fundamental rights, and parliamentary democracy. Despite criticisms, it became a landmark in constitutional history, crucial for UPSC Prelims and Mains.

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points – Muslim League Response to Nehru Report

In reaction to the Nehru Report, M.A. Jinnah proposed the Fourteen Points safeguarding Muslim interests. This sharp divergence shaped future communal politics and demand for Pakistan. It is a frequently asked theme in UPSC Modern Indian History.

Covers all the topics of Modern Indian History from the perspective of civil services preparation.